Volatolome of the Female Genitourinary Area: Toward the Metabolome of Cervical Cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Different Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) obtained from several human fluids (volatolome) has been reported as potential biomarkers for a great variety of diseases including cancer. At present, volatolomic profile data of the female genital area is scarce. METHODS: To identify the VOCs related to the female genitourinary area of healthy and Cervical Cancer (CC)-affected women used a pad, as a non-invasive tool for sample gathering was necessary. Used pads were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The data were subjected to Principal Component Analysis looking for a possible spectrum of VOCs that could help identify CC-affected patients. The diagnostic role of the VOCs was validated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The area below the curve and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were also evaluated. RESULTS: The data showed great differences between female cancer and healthy patients groups; most of these VOCs belonging to the alkanes chemical classes. A group of VOCs were identified as common among CC patients, while others VOCs for healthy females. The ROC curve showed an optimal reach to diagnosis (89%), returning a 93% rate for sensitivity and specificity, indicating the VOCs identified in the samples could differentiate cancer patients from healthy females. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we have detected and identified specific VOCs from healthy women that are not present in CC-affected females and VOCs specific of CC-affected women. We are strengthening our findings to aid in the detection of VOCs that are potential biomarkers for cervical tumors.

Anticonvulsant and Toxicological Evaluation of Parafluorinated/Chlorinated Derivatives of 3-Hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide.

Although the anticonvulsant activity of 3-hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylproionamide (HEPP) is well-known, its use is limited by the pharmacotoxicological profile. We herein tested its fluorinated and chlorinated derivatives (F-HEPP and Cl-HEPP) with two seizure models, maximal electroshock seizures (MES), and intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administration. Neurotoxicity was examined via the rotarod test. With in silico methods, binding was probed on possible protein targets-GABAA receptors and the sodium channel Nav1.2. The median effective doses (ED50) of HEPP, F-HEPP, and Cl-HEPP in the MES seizure model were 129.6, 87.1, and 62.0 mg/kg, respectively, and 66.4, 43.5, and in the PTZ seizure model 43.5 mg/kg. The HEPP-induced neurotoxic effect, which occurred at twice the ED50 against MES (p < 0.05), did not occur with F-HEPP or Cl-HEPP. Docking studies revealed that all tested ligands bound to GABAA receptors on a site near to the benzodiazepine binding site. However, on the sodium channel open pore Nav1.2, R-HEPP had interactions similar to those reported for phenytoin, while its enantiomer and the ligands F-HEPP and Cl-HEPP reached a site that could disrupt the passage of sodium. Our results show that, as anticonvulsant agents, parahalogen substituted compounds have an advantageous pharmacotoxicological profile compared to their precursor.

Synthesis of DL-hydroxybenzenamides as anticonvulsants.

The anticonvulsant activity of some DL-hydroxybenzenamides is described. The following compounds from this series were prepared and tested: DL-2-hydroxy-2-(3'-bromophenyl)butyramide (4, CAS 620950-12-1), DL-2-hydroxy-2-(4'-bromophenyl)butyramide (5, CAS 620950-13-2), DL-2-hydroxy-2-(3'-nitrophenyl)butyramide (6, CAS 620950-14-3), DL-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl hexanamide (7, CAS 63002-05-1), DL-2-hydroxy-2-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)hexanamide (8, CAS 863976-06-1), DL-3-hydroxy-3-(4'-bromophenyl)pentanamide (9, CAS 620950-16-5), DL-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-heptanamide (10, CAS 863976-08-3) and DL-4-hydroxy-4-(4'-bromophenyl)hexanamide (11,CAS 620950-18-7). Compounds 4, 5, 9 and 11 exhibited significant activity in seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol. Incorporation of bromine in the phenyl ring increased their potency. Compounds 4, 5, 9 and 11 exhibited a similar anticonvulsant activity as the reference drug phenobarbital (CAS 50-06-6).

Reversal of GABA-mediated inhibition of the electrically and potassium chloride evoked [3H]-GABA release from rat substantia nigra slices by DL-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl pentanamide.

The phenyl alcohol amides, DL-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl butyramide (CAS 52839-87-9), DL-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl pentanamide (CAS 131802-69-2, DL-HEPP) and DL-4-hydroxy-4-phenyl hexanamide (CAS 67880-30-2) and their fluorine and chlorine analogs, at a concentration of 100 micromol/L, did not displace [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]-GABA, CAS 108158-36-7) from GABAA receptors and only weakly displaced [3H]-GABA and [3H]-CGP62349 (CAS 186986-97-0), a GABAB receptor antagonist, from GABAB receptors in rat brain crude synaptic membranes. The electrically and potassium chloride (15 mmol/L) evoked [3H]-GABA release in the presence of DL-HEPP, GABA and GABAB receptor ligands from rat brain substantia nigra (SN) slices was studied. R-Baclofen (CAS 69308-37-8) (10 micromol/L), a GABAB receptor agonist, produced an inhibition of the electrically evoked [3H]-GABA release and this inhibition was blocked by CGP 55845A (CAS 149184-22-5) (10 micromol/L), a GABAB receptor antagonist, but was not affected by DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L). CGP 55845A (10 micromol/L) did not alter the electrically evoked [3H]-GABA release in the absence of baclofen. The addition of DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L) alone did not affect the electrically-evoked release of [3H]-GABA release control, but it was able to significantly reduce the inhibitory effect of GABA (CAS 56-12-2) (10 micromol/L) on [3H]-GABA release evoked both by electrical and potassium chloride stimulation, in the presence of tiagabine (CAS 115103-54-3) (10 micromol/L), a GABA uptake blocker. In three preliminary experiments, bicuculline (CAS 485-49-4) (10 micromol/L) and picrotoxinin (CAS 17617-45-7) (10 micromol/L), two GABAA antagonists, inhibited the electrically evoked release of [3H]-GABA from rat SN slices, and DL-HEPP (100 micromol/L) reversed this inhibition. The mechanism of action of DL-HEPP is not known but, it might act as a negative GABA modulator in rat brain slices.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some DL-dichlorophenyl alcohol amides anticonvulsants.

The anticonvulsant activity of a homologous series of DL-dichlorophenyl alcohol amides is described. The compounds DL-2-hydroxy-2-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl) butyramide (4, CAS 620950-11-0), DL-3-hydroxy-3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl) pentanamide (5, CAS 620950-15-4) and DL-4-hydroxy-4-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl) hexanamide (6, CAS 620950-17-6 ) were prepared and tested. Compounds 4, 5 and 6 exhibited a significant activity in seizures induced by pentetrazol. Incorporation of chlorine in the phenyl ring increased their potency. Compound 4 exhibited a slightly lower activity than the reference drug phenobarbital (CAS 50-06-6).

Resolución del racemato antiepiléptico DL-2-hidroxi, 2-etil-fenil acetamida / Resolution of the recemic antiepileptic DL-2-Hydroxy-2-Ethyl-2-Phenyl acetamide

La distribución espacial de los grupos en un fármaco puede influir tanto en su actividad biológica como en su naturaleza química, por lo que es necesario resolver las mezclas racémicas de los nuevos fármacos para poder establecer si existe diferencia en la actividad farmacológica o en la toxicidad de sus estereoisómeros. En este trabajo se describe la resolución del racemato antiepiléptico (ñ)-HEPA, para lo cual se sintetizaron las sales diasteroeméricas de quinina del ácido 2-hidroxi, 2-etil, 2-fenil acético, se recristalizaron con etanol y su tratamiento con ácido sulfúrico concentrado liberó los ácidos ópticamente activos. La a 20º D del ácido dextrorrotatorio fue + 32.6º en agua, mientras que la correspondiente al ácido levorrotatorio fue -23.43º en agua. Este último se esterificó con metanol y el tratamiento del éster con amoniaco produjo la (+)-HEPA con a 20º D = + 10.71º en acetona