Methods for the experimental study of 220Rn homogeneity in calibration chambers.

This work presents two experimental methods for the evaluation of 220Rn homogeneity in calibration chambers. The first method is based on LSC of the 220Rn decay products captured in silica aerogel. The second method is based on application of solid state nuclear track detectors facing the air of the calibration chambers. The performances of the two methods are evaluated by dedicated experiments. The repeatability of the LSC-based method, estimated as relative standard deviation of the LSC measurements of ten silica aerogel samplers exposed under the same conditions is found to be 1.6%. Both methods are applied to study thoron homogeneity in the commercially available 50 L AlphaGuard emanation and calibration container, which was empty and its fan was turned on. It was found that the 220Rn distribution in this case is homogeneous within 10%. Both methods are also applied to test the thoron homogeneity in the BACCARA chamber at IRSN during a thoron calibration exercise. The results show that, at the centre of the chamber where the inputs of the sampling systems of the radon/thoron detectors were put close to each other, the thoron inhomogeneity is less than 10%. However, regions of higher thoron concentrations are clearly identified near the walls and the upper part of the chamber, with 220Rn concentrations being up to 60% higher compared to the concentration at the reference point. These results highlight the importance of the control and assessment of thoron homogeneity in thoron calibrations and in the cases when radon monitors are checked for thoron influence.

A new thoron atmosphere reference measurement system.

A new thoron reference ((220)Rn) in air measurement system is developed at the LNE-LNHB with the collaboration of the IRSN. This measurement system is based on a reference volume with an alpha detector which is able to directly measure thoron and its decay products at atmospheric pressure. In order to improve the spectrum quality of the thoron progenies, we have applied an electric field to catch the decay products on the detector surface. The developed system is a portative device which can be used to measure reference thoron atmosphere such as the BACCARA chamber at IRSN (Picolo et al., 1999). As this system also allows the measurement of radon ((222)Rn) in air, it was validated using the radon primary standards made at the LNE-LNHB. This thoron measurement system will be used, at IRSN, as a reference instrument in order to calibrate the thoron activity concentration in the BACCARA facility.

Influence of the type of CD case on the track density distribution in CDs exposed to thoron.

A novel approach for retrospective thoron (Rn-220) measurements in buildings was recently proposed. It employs CDs/DVDs as detectors, in which the alpha-tracks formed by thoron's progeny Po-212 are analyzed. Compact disks and DVDs that had been stored in their cases are suitable, because the case provides a fixed and reproducible geometry of the Po-212 source. Since the measurement and calibration procedures involve analysis of different pieces of the disk, it is important to test the homogeneity of the track density over the disk area. This report presents results of such a study, in which disks in different containers were exposed to thoron. In almost all disks, the track density was inhomogeneous, increasing significantly near the holes in the container through which thoron could enter. However, as demonstrated, in disks regularly used and randomly rotated in their containers, the track density is expected to homogenize. It is concluded that the homogeneity of the tracks should be tested in disks exposed to thoron in homes and should be estimated or compensated in calibration exposures.

The influence of thoron on instruments measuring radon activity concentration.

Thoron, the isotope 220 of radon, is a radionuclide whose concentration may influence the measurement of the activity concentration of (222)Rn in the air. If in the case of continuous and active sampling measuring instruments, using a pump for example, the influence of thoron on radon measurement is obvious and is taken into account in the apparatus, it is often assumed that in the case of a passive sampling, by diffusion through a filter for example, this thoron influence is negligible. This is due to the very short radioactive half-life of thoron, 55.6 s (3.82 d for (222)Rn), and the assumption that the diffusion time of thoron in the detection chamber is long enough beside that of the thoron half-life. The objective of this study is to check whether this assumption is true or not for different kinds of commercial electronic apparatus used to measure radon activity concentration from soil to dwellings. First of all, the devices were calibrated in activity concentration of radon, and then they were exposed to a controlled thoron atmosphere. The experiments concerning the thoron aimed to investigate the sensitivity to thoron in the radon measuring mode of the apparatus. Results of these experiments show that all devices have a very quick answer to thoron atmosphere, even though the sensitivities vary from one instrument to another. Results clearly show that this influence on radon measurement due to the thoron is observed also after the exposition because of the decay of (212)Pb and its progenies. In conclusion, the sensitivity to thoron in the radon measuring mode depends strongly on the type of instruments. The results of the present investigation show that for some apparatus, the influence of thoron cannot be disregarded especially when measuring radon in soil.

Development of a primary thoron activity standard for the calibration of thoron measurement instruments.

The LNHB and IRSN are working on a reference atmosphere for thoron ((220)Rn) instrument calibration. The LNHB, as the national metrology institute for activity measurement in France, has to create a new thoron reference standard in order to estimate with accuracy the thoron concentration of a reference atmosphere. The measurement system presented in this paper is based on a reference volume using an alpha detector, which is able to measure thoron and its decay products to define the thoron concentration of a thoron reference atmosphere. This paper presents the first results with this new system using a well-known radon ((222)Rn) atmosphere and a thoron ((220)Rn) atmosphere.

Measurement of protection factor of respiratory protective devices toward nanoparticles.

The use of nanoparticles in industry has increased spectacularly over the past few years. Additionally, nanoscale particles seem to be the cause of new professional exposure situations. Due to their size, these particles may build up within the respiratory tract and may even reach the nervous system via the nasal passages; for this reason, it is generally recommended to wear respiratory protective devices (RPDs) in situations where collective protection is impossible to implement or inadequate. Here, we present the test bench ETNA designed to study the efficiency of RPDs in the presence of nanoparticles. The results of the efficiency measurement of two RPDs for two positions (sealed and unsealed) on a Sheffield head, for two inhalation configurations (constant flow and cyclic flow), and for two different particle size distributions of NaCl aerosol (one centered on 13 nm and the other on 59 nm) are presented below. The measurements indicate that when the leaks are negligible at the interface mask/head, the efficiency of RPD is greater for nanoparticles. For major leaks, the device's protection factor changes independently of the size of the particles. Furthermore, no trends with respect to the effect of the respiration type (constant-flow and cyclic-flow tests) have been shown on the device's protection factor.

Radon activity concentration--a Euromet and BIPM supplementary comparison.

For the first time, a comparison of radon activity concentration in air has been performed within the scope of Euromet. In the project 657, 'Comparison of calibration facilities for the radon activity concentration,' 12 participants from 9 countries compared different radon reference atmospheres at 1, 3 and 10 k Bq m-3 via a transfer standard. The comparison was listed as BIPM supplementary comparison EUROMET.RI(II)-S1. The results of most participants are correlated due to common traceability to one single radon gas standard producer. This makes a careful correlation analysis necessary to achieve an appropriate comparison reference value. The results of the comparison as well as the complex analysis of the correlated set of data is presented and discussed.

A radon 222 traceability chain from primary standard to field detectors.

The development of a primary standard from a method for measuring the absolute activity of 222Rn has also made it possible to establish secondary standards. Detailed procedures to obtain these secondary standards are given. These standards are, in particular, adapted to the requirements of laboratories that have developed equipment for the calibration and comparison of instruments measuring the concentration of radon and its daughters. An example of the implementation of these new resources applied to the qualification of field detectors is given. The propagation of measurement uncertainties at each level (primary, secondary, test radon chamber) is described.