ABSTRACT
In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Subject(s)
Arenaviridae/classification , Animals , Arenaviridae/genetics , Arenaviridae/isolation & purification , Arenaviridae Infections/virology , Humans , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Members of the family Fimoviridae, order Bunyavirales are plant viruses with segmented, linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes. They are distantly related to orthotospoviruses and orthobunyaviruses of the families Tospoviridae and Peribunyaviridae, respectively. The family Fimoviridae includes the genus Emaravirus, which comprises several species with European mountain ash ringspot-associated emaravirus as the type species. Fimoviruses are transmitted to plants by eriophyid mite vectors and induce similar characteristic cytopathologies in their host plants, including the presence of double membrane-bound bodies in the cytoplasm of the virus-infected cells. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Fimoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/fimoviridae.
Subject(s)
Plant Diseases/virology , Plant Viruses/classification , RNA Viruses/classification , Animals , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Mites/virologyABSTRACT
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37) is involved in several cellular processes including plant development, nutrient uptake and oxidative stress. Evidence for a plasma membrane-associated MDH has been presented for maize (Zea mays L.) roots. In the present study isoenzymes of MDH were purified from highly enriched plasma membrane preparations of maize and compared with soluble isoenzymes (Km, pH optima, pI and molecular masses). Modified SDS-PAGE analyses revealed monomers of 41 kDa for membrane-associated MDH, whereas monomers (35 kDa) and dimers (70 kDa) were detected for soluble isoenzymes. Membrane-associated MDH of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) inflorescences and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves showed molecular masses similar to the membrane-associated MDH of maize. The specific maize MDH involved was identified by mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS). The corresponding gene was cloned and the protein was characterised after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Enzyme kinetics and properties of the recombinant and native proteins were compared. The function of thiol groups and the presence of disulphide bonds were analysed by the effect of N-ethylmaleimide, diagonal electrophoresis and labelling. Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of maize root transcripts demonstrated a constitutive expression of the gene encoding plasma membrane-associated MDH.
Subject(s)
Cell Membrane/enzymology , Malate Dehydrogenase/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Zea mays/enzymology , Amino Acid Sequence , Brassica/enzymology , Disulfides/chemistry , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Ethylmaleimide/chemistry , Gene Expression Profiling , Molecular Sequence Data , Oxidative Stress , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Roots/enzymology , Protein Interaction Mapping , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , Proteomics/methods , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Spinacia oleracea/enzymology , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Ringspot symptoms in European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.), fig mosaic, rose rosette, raspberry leaf blotch, pigeonpea sterility mosaic (Cajanus cajan) and High Plains disease of maize and wheat were found to be associated with viruses that share several characteristics. They all have single-stranded multipartite RNA genomes of negative orientation. In some cases, double membrane-bound virus-like particles of 80 to 200 nm in diameter were found in infected tissue. Furthermore, at least five of these viruses were shown to be vectored by eriophyid mites. Sequences of European mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (EMARaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), rose rosette virus (RRV), raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus and High Plains virus strongly support their potential phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, after characterization of EMARaV, the novel genus Emaravirus was established, and FMV was the second virus species assigned to this genus. The recently sequenced RRV and RLBV are supposed to be additional members of this new group of plant RNA viruses.
Subject(s)
Plant Diseases/virology , Plant Viruses/classification , Plant Viruses/isolation & purification , RNA Viruses/classification , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Animals , Mites/virology , Phylogeny , Plant Viruses/genetics , Plant Viruses/ultrastructure , RNA Viruses/genetics , RNA Viruses/ultrastructure , RNA, Viral/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
The means by which European mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (EMARaV), a minus-strand ssRNA virus and the type member of the genus Emaravirus, is naturally spread, is unknown. In attempts to identify an EMARaV vector, galls induced by the eriophyid mite Phytoptus pyri were frequently found on infected leaves. By immunofluorescence microscopy, the presence of EMARaV nucleocapsid protein P3 was demonstrated in P. pyri individuals collected from diseased plants. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis of entire P. pyri individuals revealed the presence of both viral genomic ss(-)RNAs and antigenomic ss(+)RNAs, suggesting that P. pyri might be a candidate vector of EMARaV.