ABSTRACT
The present study examined the influence of the specialization onset on the magnitude and patterns of changes in basketball-specific physical fitness within a competitive season and developmental fitness trends between 11 and 17 years in young basketball players. Repeated measures of 181 young basketball players (female, n = 40; male, n = 141) were examined. Anthropometry, age, estimated maturity status, and basketball-specific physical fitness (assessed with the countermovement jump, line drill, and yo-yo intermittent recovery level-1 and fitness score) were considered. Players were grouped by the onset of specialization as related to biological maturation milestones (pre-puberty, mid-puberty, and late-puberty specialization). The within-season and developmental changes in physical fitness were fitted using multilevel modeling in a fully Bayesian framework. The fitness outcomes were similar between-player and within-player changes when grouped by specialization across a season. Fitness improvements across a season were apparent for female players, while male players maintained their performance levels. There was no variation in the patterns of physical fitness development between 11 and 17 years associated with the onset of specialization. Conditional on our data and models, the assumption that early sport specialization provides a physical fitness advantage for future athletic success does not hold.
ABSTRACT
In sports, collective efficacy appears to be dependent on the interactions and organized dynamics between the players within the team. It is directly related to team ́s performance potential. This study examined the changes of perceived collective efficacy among young basketball players between 10 to 17 years across a 4-month competitive season, accounting for variation by age group. We explored the trends of perceived collective efficacy based on repeated measures across 4 months within the observed age range. Sixty-five adolescent male basketball players aged 13,7 (9,5 to 17,3) years at baseline were considered. Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (CEQS) was used to assess players ́ perception of collective efficacy. Players had high CEQS scores. Except for persistence, all CEQS factors did not vary by age group. No distinct trend of differences between age group was present. CEQS factors remained high on the second assessment, except for abilitywhere there was a systematic decrease of the scores at end-season. A negative trend was apparent forpersistence, preparationand unityas players were closer to late adolescence years. Overall, adolescent basketball players tend to have a positive perception of theirs and their teammates efficacy. Despite the small to trivial influence of exposure to training and competition during pubertal years observed, results suggest that approaching adult level may change negatively the efficacy perceptions of adolescent players. Hence, coaches and practitioners of youth basketball should consider that players ́ collective efficacy perceptions may vary as transient influences of pubertal growth and competitive level with age increase
La eficacia colectiva en los deportes parece depender de las interacciones y dinámicas organizadas entre los jugadores del equipo. Está directamente relacionada con su potencial de rendimiento. Examinamos los cambios de eficacia colectiva percibidos entre jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto (10 a 17 años) por 4 meses de temporada competitiva, controlando la variación por grupo de edad. Exploramos las tendencias de eficacia colectiva percibida basados por medidas repetidas antes y después de 4 meses. Sesenta y cinco adolescentes jugadores de baloncesto, con 13,7 (9,5 a 17,3) años al inicio del estudio, fueron considerados. Se utilizó el Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports(CEQS) para evaluar la percepción sobre la eficacia colectiva. Los jugadores tuvieron altas puntuaciones en el CEQS. Excepto por la persistencia, los factores del CEQS no variaron por grupo de edad. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos. Los factores del CEQS permanecieron altos en la segunda evaluación, excepto por la habilidaden que hubo una caída en los escores al final de la temporada. Una tendencia negativa fue aparente para la persistencia, preparacióny uniónen los años finales de la adolescencia. En general, los jugadores tienden a tener una percepción positiva de su eficacia y de sus colegas. A pesar de la influencia de la exposición al entrenamiento y la competiciónser pequeña y no significativa durante la edad observada, los resultados sugieren que la aproximación del nivel adulto puede alterar negativamente las percepciones de eficacia de los jugadores. Se debe considerar que las percepciones de eficacia colectivade los jugadores pueden variar como influencias transitorias del crecimiento pubertario y del nivel competitivo con el aumento de la edad
A eficácia coletiva nos esportes parece depender das interações e dinâmicas organizadas entre os jogadores da equipe. Está diretamente relacionada ao seu potencial de desempenho. Examinamos as mudanças de eficácia coletiva percebida entre jovens jogadores de basquetebol (10 a 17 anos) ao longo de 4 meses de temporada competitiva, controlando a variação por faixa etária. Exploramos as tendências de eficácia coletiva percebida com base em medidas repetidas antes e depois de 4 meses. Sessenta e cinco adolescentes jogadores de basquetebol, com 13,7 (9,5 a 17,3) anos no início do estudo, foram considerados. O Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (CEQS) foi utilizado para avaliar a percepção sobre a eficácia coletiva. Os jogadores tiveram altas pontuações no CEQS. Exceto pela persistência, os fatores do CEQS não variaram por faixa etária. Não houveram diferenças entre as faixas etárias. Os fatores do CEQS permaneceram altos na segunda avaliação, exceto pela habilidadeem que houve uma queda nos escores no final da temporada. Uma tendência negativa foi aparente para a persistência, preparaçãoe uniãonos anos finais da adolescência. Em geral, os jogadores tenderam ter uma percepção positiva de sua eficácia e de seus colegas. Apesar da influência da exposição ao treinamento e competição ser pequena e não significativa durante a idade observada, os resultados sugerem que a aproximação do nível adulto pode alterar negativamente as percepções de eficácia dos jogadores. Devem-se considerar que as percepções de eficácia coletiva dos jogadores podem variar como influências transitórias do crescimento pubertário e do nível competitivo com o aumento da idade
