A case report of acute apendicitis in puerperium.

OBJECTIVE: This article stresses an impact of appropriate management work up in the diagnosis of acute apendicitis in puerperium. Atypical clinical symptoms may cause doubts in diagnosis and may delay necessary surgical intervention. DESIGN: Case report. SETTINGS: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague. METHODS: We present a case report describing an atypical presentation of acute apendicitis in early puerperium. Due to atypical course of the disease and atypical imaging locality and morphology, there were doubts about the diagnosis of acute apendicitis, patient was treated conservativelly and the disease later resulted in extensive surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of non-urogenital morbidity in puerperium. Management of work up and timing of surgical intervention have key impact on maternal mortality and morbidity.

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries - review of our date between 2015-2017.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of women undergoing vaginal birth with 3rd or 4th degree perineal tears. TYPE OF STUDY: Review and analysis of the data from our department. SETTING: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce, Prague. INTRODUCTION: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) belong to dreaded complications after vaginal delivery. The injury is associated with significant maternal morbidity. The most common difficulties are perineal pain, dyspareunia, flatulence and anal incontinence. OASIS are main cause of anal incontinence in women. MAIN RESULTS: During monitored period 2015-2017 we performed 6185 childbirths in our ward. Cesarean section was performed at 21% of births, instrumental vaginal birth at 5,7% and 73,3% of women had a spontaneous vaginal birth. Our analysis included 4888 births. In our group 92,8% of women gave birth spontaneously regardless of injury and at 7,2% we performed an instrumental delivery. Perineal tears of 3rd and 4th degree were detected in 1,7% (83/4888) of vaginal births independent of vaginal ending. 85,5% were nulliparous women. In a group of instrumental deliveries the risk of OASI was higher. We have detected injury at 5,4% (19/352) of this type of delivery. The most detected perineal trauma in 47% was injury involving more than 50% of external anal sphincter thickness torn (3b). Surprising was a high incidence of mediolateral episiotomy in a group of women who sustained OASI. The most frequent symptoms three months after birth were flatus incontinence and dyspareunia. CONCLUSION: Obstetric anal sphincter injury is associated with significant maternal morbidity. The most serious consequence is an anal incontinence. With other symptoms as a dyspareunia and a perineal pain it leads to psychosocial problems. Thorough treatment reduces the risk of complications.

[Management of care of HIV-positive pregnant women in the period 1996-2014]. / Management péce o HIV pozitivní tehotné v období let 1996-2014.

OBJECTIVE: The evaluation of multidisplinary care about HIV positive pregnant women in the Czech Republic. DESIGN: Review. SETTINGS: Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika 1. LF UK a Nemocnice na Bulovce, Praha. METHODS: The vertical transmission of HIV infection from mother to fetus occurs most often during birth, still 1-2% of HIV-positive pregnant women will transfer the virus transplacenta. Due to careful screening for HIV during pregnancy, counselling, combination antiretroviral (cART) therapy, childbirth planning and its performance by C-section there appears a significant decrease of the virus transmission to the fetus, its occurrence is around 2%. If the HIV infection is detected in the context of screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), we begin with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) depending on the level of viremia and CD4 as soon as possible. All HIV-positive pregnancies are tested for possible coinfection with hepatitis C. Since the first application of the antiretroviral treatment, the therapy is applies throughout the duration of the pregnancy. The labours of the HIV- positive women in the Czech Republic are scheduled. The primary choice is a caesarean section during the 38th week of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: From 1996-2014 the HIV positive status at 18 months of child age was confirmed in 4 cases in the Czech Republic. Three children were born to mothers whose HIV status was unknown at the time of the birth. Thanks to strict adherence to the interdisciplinary care, HIV positive woman have a chance to deliver a HIV-negative newborn and the risk of the transmission of the virus is significantly low.

[Adrenocortical oncocytoma presenting as Cushing´s syndrome in pregnancy with spontaneous postpartum uterine rupture]. / Adrenokortikální onkocytom jako raritní prícina Cushingova syndromu v gravidite a následná delozní ruptura po porodu.

OBJECTIVE: The description of rare case of the Cushings syndrome in pregnancy resulting in the spontaneous rupture of uterus. DESIGNS: A case report. SETTING: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce. CASE REPORT: The authors report the case of a 33 year old woman, who was admitted to the clinic in 30th week of pregnancy for elevated blood pressure and hypokalemia. Arterial hypertension was corrected with the combination of Vasocardin and Dopegyt. In 36th week of pregnancy the patient was admitted to the hospital with premature rupture of membranes. In less than sixteen hours the patient spontaneously gave birth to a healthy girl. Subsequently the patient suffered from abdominal pain. CT scan showed haemoperitoneum and a right adrenal mass and the surgical revision was performed. During the surgery uterine rupture was identified and the patient uderwent abdominal hysterectomy. Based on the endocrinological examination the diagnosis of Cushings syndrome was made. Three months after the delivery she underwent laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. Histological examination revealed adrenocortical oncocytoma. CONCLUSION: Cushings syndrome is rare in pregnancy and misdiagnosis is common. Symptoms mimic pregnancy complications. The disease is often diagnosed with delay even after delivery. The sonography and magnetic resonance are dominant imaging methods. Laboratory diagnosis is difficult due to pregnancy related changes. In spite of rarity of Cushings syndrome in pregnancy we should think about it in terms of the differential diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, dysbalance of mineralogram and typical cushingoid habitus.

[Sexual assault in the woman]. / Sexuální násilí na zenách.

OBJECTIVE: Retrospective analysis of the population of women examined for suspicion of sexual assault to compare the situation in the Czech Republic with the world's published works. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and the Faculty Hospital Na Bulovce Prague. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical reports for all women examined for suspicion of sexual violence during the period from January 2007 to December 2008. RESULTS: During observed period 37 women were examined, average age of examined women was 26.2 years, range 15-51 years, 76% of females younger than 29 years, 16% of examined women were from abroad. We have found no differences in occurrence throughout the year. In 3 cases there were more aggressors, in 30% of cases the alleged perpetrator was a known person or relative. In 54% of cases completed vaginal intercourse with ejaculation allegedly took place. We detected one case of forced oral sex and one case of forced anal sex. In 19% touching was involved. 22% of women did not know whether coitus really occurred--in 14% the alleged victim was under the influence of alcohol, in 3 cases under the influence of drugs, including one case of drinking an unknown substance in a beverage. Obvious signs of violence were found in 27% of cases, of which mostly in the face (14%), the extremities (8%) and only in two cases on the genitals (5%). No woman did require medical treatment of injuries. CONCLUSION: Our experience is similar to the published world data. In our group there were more strangers among the perpetrators. We did not record any use of a weapon in the enforcement of sexual contact. It is necessary to examine the alleged victims whole body thoroughly, signs of violence were more frequent in extragenital localization.

[Analysis of the set of pregnancy women with asthma bronchiale]. / Analýza souboru rodicek s asthma bronchiale.

OBJECTIVE: The set of pregnant females suffering from bronchial asthma-retrospective analysis. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Na Bulovce, First Medical Faculty, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. SUBJECT AND METHOD: Our set consists of pregnant women suffering from bronchial asthma and attending our Antenatal Clinic & delivering at our Maternity Hospital from January 2008 through December 2009. Retrospective analysis of the set based on the medical records was performed. RESULTS: 80 females suffering from bronchial asthma gave birth at our Hospital during the studied time span, i.e., 1.7% of all deliveries at our Maternity Hospital. In 4 females (i.e. 5%) the asthma attack was observed during the pregnancy. 33% of all females suffering from bronchial asthma did not require any bronchodilator medication, 22% were just on betamimetics, 23% required inhalational betamimetics with intermittent inhalational corticosteroid and 21% use both regularly. Perorally corticosteroids or leukotrien inhibitors were not used at all. There was no negative influence on subjective felling of the female during her pregnancy and labor in 71% of cases. 24% of all females suffering from bronchial asthma delivered by Caesarean Section but just in two of them it was indicated due to the bronchial asthma itself. We observed no case of IUGR or congenital defect. No change in the length of the hospital stay in comparison to the other females was shown. CONCLUSION: The nowadays standard treatment of bronchial asthma during pregnancy is based on local inhalative bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory medication. Pregnant females are usually well compensated, and thus their perinatal outcome shows no difference compared to the healthy population.

Longitudinal study of patients after surgical treatment for cervical lesions: detection of HPV DNA and prevalence of HPV-specific antibodies.

The principal aims of this study were to test whether persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is predictive of recurrent disease in women after surgical treatment for cervical lesions, to distinguish between persistent and newly acquired HPV infection, and to observe the effect of surgical treatment on levels of HPV-specific antibodies. A group of 198 patients surgically treated for low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and 35 age-matched controls were monitored for 18 months at 6-month intervals. The presence of HPV DNA in cervical smears was detected by means of consensus polymerase chain reaction, and serum levels of HPV-specific antibodies to HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 were measured. In ten patients positive for HPV type 16 in consecutive samples, the HPV 16 variants were identified using a polymerase chain reaction specific for the long control region. Data regarding demographics, risk factors for cervical cancer, and risks related to HPV exposure were collected through a patient questionnaire. Subjects persistently positive for HPV DNA were more likely to present with cytological and/or colposcopical abnormalities. A higher reactivity to HPV-specific antibodies was observed in these women at the 18-month follow-up visit. All ten patients with HPV 16 infection detected in consecutive samples showed persistence of either the same prototype or the same variant during the follow-up period. Risky sexual behavior and smoking were more common in patients than in controls. Persistent HPV infection as demonstrated by both HPV DNA detection and antibody detection appears to be a risk factor for the recurrence of pathological findings in women after surgery. An individually based approach to surgical treatment is an important factor in the outcome of disease at follow-up.

[Diagnostics of human papillomaviruses]. / Diagnostika lidsksch papillomaviru.

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are linked to broad spectrum of epithelial lesions, well known is their main role in ethiology of cervical carcinoma. HPV testing is an integral component of cervical cancer screening. This article presents general overview of molecular biologic methods current used in HPV diagnostic. Methods are divided according to its principle to three groups--hybridization based, PCR based and combined both of this principle. The review would help select optimum methodics for routinely screening, for causal clinical diagnostics of HPV associated diseases or for research study. From this context arise need of theoretical rudiments and experience for HPV diagnostics. SUBJECT: Review article. SETTING: Sikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty Hospital Pilzen, Czech Republic.

Human papillomavirus 16 E6 polymorphisms in cervical lesions from different European populations and their correlation with human leukocyte antigen class II haplotypes.

Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for the development of a cervical lesion, but only a fraction of precursor lesions progress to cancer. Additional factors, other than HPV type per se, are likely to increase the probability for progression. Intratype genome variations have been reported to be associated with viral persistence and the development of a major cervical disease. We have recently shown that the prevalence of specific HPV16-E6 variants in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) varies between Italian and Swedish women. To extend our initial study we have analyzed E6 variants in cervical lesions from Czech women, ranging from low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (LCIN) to ICC and scaled up the sample size of our initial study of Swedish and Italian women. In addition, we have correlated the cases of cancers with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotypes. In line with our earlier observation, the distribution of specific HPV16-E6 genotypes in CIN and ICC varied in the 3 cohorts. For instance, the HPV16-E6 L83V variant, which has been found to be positively associated with ICC in Swedish women (p = 0.002), was more prevalent in LCIN than in ICC in Italian and Czech women (p = 0.01 and = 0.03, respectively). These data indicate that host genetic factors, such as HLA polymorphism, may determine the potential oncogenicity of the HPV16-E6 L83V variant. Indeed, the DR04-DQ03 haplotype, which is approximately 3-fold more abundant in the normal Swedish population than in those in Italy and the Czech Republic, was found to be positively associated with HPV16-E6 L83V in the 3 cohorts investigated (p = 0.01). This observation may explain why L83V is a risk factor more in Sweden than in the other 2 countries.

Human papillomavirus genotype spectrum in Czech women: correlation of HPV DNA presence with antibodies against HPV-16, 18, and 33 virus-like particles.

Because the biological spectrum of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes present in cervical cancer lesions varies according to the geographical region studied, and because little genotype information is available for Central and Eastern European countries, we studied the endemic HPV-genotype spectrum in cervical samples collected from women visiting gynaecological departments of selected hospitals in the Czech Republic. In a series of 389 samples, 171 (44.0%) were positive for HPV DNA using a consensus-primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping of the HPV PCR products was done using dot-blot hybridisation with type-specific oligonucleotide probes and thermocycle DNA sequencing. Twenty-two different HPV types were detected, HPV-16 being the most prevalent type irrespective of severity of the lesions (55.0%). Multiple HPV types were found in 16.4% of our HPV-DNA-positive samples. The prevalence of HPV infection was 23.0% in women with normal findings and 59.4% in patients with cervical neoplasia, and increased significantly with the severity of the disease: 52.9% in low-grade lesions, 58.0% in high-grade lesions, and 73.5% in cervical carcinomas (P for trend < .00001). In the sera of 191 subjects, 89 with normal findings and 102 with different forms of cervical neoplasia, the prevalence of HPV-specific IgG antibodies was tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using virus-like particles (VLPs) of HPV-16, -18, and -33. Antibodies were significantly more prevalent in HPV-DNA-positive than in HPV-DNA-negative women and there was no association with age. In agreement with the results of HPV genotyping, antibodies reactive with HPV-16 VLPs were the most frequent and, moreover, their prevalence increased with the cervical lesion severity. About half of the subjects with smears in which either HPV-16 or HPV-33 DNA had been detected possessed antibodies reactive with homotypic VLPs. With HPV-18-DNA-positive subjects, however, fewer than 25% displayed homotypic antibodies. In general, subjects older than 30 years of age had antibodies reactive to HPV-specific VLPs more often than subjects younger than 30 years of age. In women with benign findings, the seropositivity to HPV-16, -18, and -33 VLPs increased with age, whereas in women with cervical neoplasia the seropositivity decreased with age.

Correlation between human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer and p53 codon 72 arginine/proline polymorphism.

High-risk mucosal human papillomaviruses encode an E6 oncoprotein, which binds the cellular p53 tumor suppressor protein, thereby marking it for degradation through the ubiquitin-mediated pathway. A common p53 polymorphism at codon-72 of exon 4 results in translation to either arginine or proline. Recently reported data suggested an increased susceptibility to E6/ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the Arg72-p53 isoform and an over-representation of the homozygous Arg72-p53 genotype in cervical cancer patients. We have analyzed this polymorphism in a larger series of patients with cervical cancer and in controls in the Czech Republic. We found no statistically significant differences between the codon-72 p53 genotypes of cervical cancer patients and the control women. Based on these results, it is unlikely that Arg72-p53 is associated with an increased risk for human papillomavirus-associated cervical tumor development in Czech women.