Serotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Mannheimia haemolytica strains from European cattle with bovine respiratory disease.

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of three serotypes, A1, A2, and A6 in 98 M. haemolytica isolates collected from clinical BRD cases in European cattle and assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Isolates were characterized by serotyping (plate agglutination and serotype specific PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The study identified a predominance of serotypes A1 (59%) and A6 (22%) in European M. haemolytica isolates exhibiting a relatively low level of antimicrobial resistance. A comprehensive understanding of the relative prevalence of different M. haemolytica serotypes in Europe informs a targeted approach for vaccine design against BRD.

A Pilot Investigation of the Relationship between Climate Variability and Milk Compounds under the Bootstrap Technique.

This study analyzes the linear relationship between climate variables and milk components in Iran by applying bootstrapping to include and assess the uncertainty. The climate parameters, Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) are computed from the NASA-Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (NASA-MERRA) reanalysis (2002-2010). Milk data for fat, protein (measured on fresh matter bases), and milk yield are taken from 936,227 milk records for the same period, using cows fed by natural pasture from April to September. Confidence intervals for the regression model are calculated using the bootstrap technique. This method is applied to the original times series, generating statistically equivalent surrogate samples. As a result, despite the short time data and the related uncertainties, an interesting behavior of the relationships between milk compound and the climate parameters is visible. During spring only, a weak dependency of milk yield and climate variations is obvious, while fat and protein concentrations show reasonable correlations. In summer, milk yield shows a similar level of relationship with ETI, but not with temperature and THI. We suggest this methodology for studies in the field of the impacts of climate change and agriculture, also environment and food with short-term data.