ABSTRACT
DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DELs) provide a high-throughput and cost-effective route for screening billions of unique molecules for binding affinity for diverse protein targets. Identifying candidate compounds from these libraries involves affinity selection, DNA sequencing, and measuring enrichment in a sample pool of DNA barcodes. Successful detection of potent binders is affected by many factors, including selection parameters, chemical yields, library amplification, sequencing depth, sequencing errors, library sizes, and the chosen enrichment metric. To date, there has not been a clear consensus about how enrichment from DEL selections should be measured or reported. We propose a normalized z-score enrichment metric using a binomial distribution model that satisfies important criteria that are relevant for analysis of DEL selection data. The introduced metric is robust with respect to library diversity and sampling and allows for quantitative comparisons of enrichment of n-synthons from parallel DEL selections. These features enable a comparative enrichment analysis strategy that can provide valuable information about hit compounds in early stage drug discovery.
Subject(s)
DNA/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Triazines/chemistry , Amines/chemistry , Amino Acids/chemistry , Base Sequence , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques/methods , Drug Discovery , Epoxide Hydrolases/chemistryABSTRACT
A series of metal complexes were prepared as potential prodrugs of the extremely toxic DNA minor groove alkylator 1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-3-[(5,6,7-trimethoxyindol-2-yl)carbonyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline (seco-6-azaCBI-TMI) and close analogues. The pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline cytotoxins were prepared from 2-methoxy-4-nitroaniline in a nine-step synthesis involving a Skraup construction of a quinoline intermediate, its appropriate functionalization, and a final radical cyclization. The metal complexes were prepared from these and the labile metal complex synthons [Co(cyclen)(OTf)(2)](+), [Cr(acac)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](+), and [Co(2)(Me(2)dtc)(5)](+). The cobalt complexes were considerably more stable than the free effectors and showed significant attenuation of the cytotoxicity of the latter, with IC(50) ratios (complex/effector) of 50- to 150-fold, and substantial hypoxic cell selectivity, with IC(50) ratios (oxic/hypoxic cells) of 20- to 40-fold. The cobalt complexes were also efficiently activated by ionizing radiation, with G values for loss of the compound close to the theoretical value for one-electron reduction of 0.68 micromol/J. This work extends earlier observations that cobalt cyclen complexes are suitable for both the bioreductive and radiolytic release of potent pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline effectors.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/chemical synthesis , Cobalt , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Quinolines/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/radiation effects , Cell Hypoxia , Cell Line, Tumor , Chelating Agents/chemical synthesis , Chelating Agents/chemistry , Coordination Complexes/pharmacology , Coordination Complexes/radiation effects , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Indoles/pharmacology , Indoles/radiation effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Prodrugs/radiation effects , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Pyrroles/radiation effects , Quinolines/pharmacology , Quinolines/radiation effects , Radiation, Ionizing , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We describe three novel regioisomeric series of aryl naphthyridine analogs, which are potent antagonists of the Class III GPCR mGlu5 receptor. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities of these analogs are discussed.
Subject(s)
Naphthyridines/chemical synthesis , Naphthyridines/pharmacology , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Rats , Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/physiology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A new series of MEK1 inhibitors, the 4-anilino-5-carboxamido-2-pyridones, were designed and synthesized using a combination of medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, and structural elucidation. The effect of variation in the carboxamide side chain, substitution on the pyridone nitrogen, and replacement of the 4'-iodide were all investigated. This study afforded several compounds which were either equipotent or more potent than the clinical candidate CI-1040 (1) in an isolated enzyme assay, as well as murine colon carcinoma (C26) cells, as measured by suppression of phosphorylated ERK substrate. Most notably, pyridone 27 was found to be more potent than 1 in vitro and produced a 100% response rate at a lower dose than 1, when tested for in vivo efficacy in animals bearing C26 tumors.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Aniline Compounds/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , MAP Kinase Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , MAP Kinase Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Amides/pharmacology , Aniline Compounds/chemistry , Aniline Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase 1/chemistry , MAP Kinase Kinase 2/chemistry , Male , Mice , Models, Molecular , Neoplasm Transplantation , Phosphorylation , Pyridones/chemistry , Pyridones/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Rational replacement of the alkyne linker of mGluR5 antagonist MPEP gave 7-arylquinolines. SAR optimization gave an orally active compound with high affinity for the MPEP binding site.