Ethanol endometrioma sclerotherapy: safety through 8 years of experience.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of endometriomas? SUMMARY ANSWER: Sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable in outpatient procedures but with specific and potential life-threatening complications that need to be identified and prevented. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: There are currently few data on the use of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy, and we mainly note septic complications. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out. The study was conducted at an academic hospital and included 126 women aged 31.9 ± 5.5 years (mean ± SD), between November 2013 and June 2021. We analyzed a total of 157 ethanol sclerotherapy treatment (EST), treated by 131 EST procedures, in 126 women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The study included women with an indication for transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy. Indications were women with at least one endometrioma over 10 mm, isolated or associated with other endometriosis locations, requiring treatment for pain or infertility before assisted reproductive treatment. We followed a standardized transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedure consisting of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal puncture of one or more endometriomas under general anesthesia. The cyst content was completely removed and flushed with saline solution. Ethanol (96%) was injected at 60% of the initial volume of the endometrioma, remained in the cyst for 10 min and was then completely removed. Ethanol loss was defined as a loss of 5 ml or more than 10% of the initial volume of the injected ethanol. Failure was defined by the contraindication of endometrioma puncture because of interposition of the digestive tract, ethanol loss in the previous endometrioma treated (in case of multiple ESTs), failure to aspirate the endometriotic fluid, contraindication to start ethanol injection owing to saline solution leakage, or contraindication to continue ethanol injection owing to suspicions of ethanol leakage at sonography. Intraoperative complications were defined by ethanol loss, positive blood alcohol level, and ethanol intoxication. Postoperative complications were defined by fever, biological inflammatory syndrome, and ovarian abscess. Complications were classified according to the Clavien and Dindo surgical classification, which is a system for classifying postoperative complications in five grades of increasing severity. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We reported a total of 17/157 (10.8%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy failures during 14/131 (10.7%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. In the same sets of data, complication was reported for 15/157 (9.5%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy in 13/131 (9.9%) transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy procedures in 13/126 (10.3%) women. Nine of 126 women (7.1%) had a grade I complication, one (0.8%) had a grade II complication (medical treatment for suspicion of pelvic infection), two (1.6%) had a grade III complication (ovarian abscess) and one (0.8%) had a grade IV complication (ethanol intoxication). We did not observe any grade V complications. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: This was a retrospective study and pain assessment not considered. The benefit-risk balance of endometrioma transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy was not evaluated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study is the first to evaluate the complications of transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy with such a large cohort of women in a standardized protocol. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy seems to be an effective alternative to laparoscopic surgery in the management of endometriomas and limits the alteration of ovarian reserve. Transvaginal ethanol sclerotherapy is a reliable, minimally invasive method applicable on an outpatient basis. The majority of complications are Clavien-Dindo ≤IV, for which preventative measures, or at least early diagnosis and treatment, can be easily performed. The risk of ethanol intoxication is rare, but it is a life-threatening risk that must be avoided by appropriate implementation and promotion of the sclerotherapy procedures. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Aix Marseille University's ethics committee registration number 2021-06-03-01.

Modifications of long-term heart rate variability produced in an experimental model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to a higher prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias, the most frequent being atrial fibrillation, but the mechanisms are not well understood. One possible underlying mechanism may be an abnormal modulation of autonomic nervous system activity, which can be quantified by analysing heart rate variability (HRV). Our aim was to investigate the modifications of long-term HRV in an experimental model of diet-induced MetS to identify the early changes in HRV and the link between autonomic dysregulation and MetS components. NZW rabbits were randomly assigned to control (n = 10) or MetS (n = 10) groups, fed 28 weeks with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. 24-hour recordings were used to analyse HRV at week 28 using time-domain, frequency-domain and nonlinear analyses. Time-domain analysis showed a decrease in RR interval and triangular index (Ti). In the frequency domain, we found a decrease in the low frequency band. Nonlinear analyses showed a decrease in DFA-α1 and DFA-α2 (detrended fluctuations analysis) and maximum multiscale entropy. The strongest association between HRV parameters and markers of MetS was found between Ti and mean arterial pressure, and Ti and left atrial diameter, which could point towards the initial changes induced by the autonomic imbalance in MetS.

Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF).

OBJECTIVE: To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). DESIGN: A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industry funding (i.e. pharmaceutical or medical device companies). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. METHODS: The last guidelines from the Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français on the management of women with AUB were published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescents; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; type 0-2 fibroids; type 3 or higher fibroids; and adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and evidence profiles were compiled. The GRADE® methodology was applied to the literature review and the formulation of recommendations. RESULTS: The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 are strong and 17 weak. No response was found in the literature for 14 questions. We chose to abstain from recommendations rather than providing advice based solely on expert clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS: The 36 recommendations make it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for various clinical situations practitioners encounter, from the simplest to the most complex.

[Management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding: Clinical practice guidelines of the French National College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)]. / Prise en charge des ménorragies : recommandations pour la pratique clinique du Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (CNGOF).

OBJECTIVE: To provide French guidelines for the management of women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). DESIGN: A consensus committee of 26 experts was formed. A formal conflict-of-interest (COI) policy was developed at the beginning of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independently of any industrial funding (i.e. pharmaceutical, or medical devices). The authors were advised to follow the rules of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE®) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. METHODS: The last guidelines from the Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français (CNGOF) on the management of women with AUB was published in 2008. The literature seems now sufficient for an update. The committee studied questions within 7 fields (diagnosis; adolescent; idiopathic AUB; endometrial hyperplasia and polyps; fibroids type 0 to 2; fibroids type 3 and more; adenomyosis). Each question was formulated in a PICO (Patients, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format and the evidence profiles were produced. The literature review and recommendations were made according to the GRADE® methodology. RESULTS: The experts' synthesis work and the application of the GRADE method resulted in 36 recommendations. Among the formalized recommendations, 19 present a strong agreement and 17 a weak agreement. Fourteen questions did not find any response in the literature. We preferred to abstain from recommending instead of providing expert advice. CONCLUSIONS: The 36 recommendations made it possible to specify the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of various clinical situations managed by the practitioner, from the simplest to the most complex.

The cerebellum and psychological trauma: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies.

Psychological trauma is highly prevalent among psychiatric disorders, however, the relationship between trauma, neurobiology and psychopathology is not yet fully understood. The cerebellum has been recognized as a crucial structure for cognition and emotion, however, it has been relatively ignored in the literature of psychological trauma, as it is not considered as part of the traditional fear neuro-circuitry. The aim of this review is to investigate how psychological trauma affects the cerebellum and to make conclusive remarks on whether the cerebellum forms part of the trauma-affected brain circuitry. A total of 267 unique records were screened and 39 studies were included in the review. Structural cerebellar alterations and aberrant cerebellar activity and connectivity in trauma-exposed individuals were consistently reported across studies. Early-onset of adverse experiences was associated with cerebellar alterations in trauma-exposed individuals. Several studies reported alterations in connectivity between the cerebellum and nodes of large-brain networks, which are implicated in several psychiatric disorders, including the default mode network, the salience network and the central executive network. Also, trauma-exposed individuals showed altered resting state and task based cerebellar connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures that are involved in emotion and fear regulation. Our preferred interpretation of the results is through the lens of the Universal Cerebellar Transform, the hypothesis that the cerebellum, given its homogeneous cytoarchitecture, performs a common computation for motor, cognitive and emotional functions. Therefore, trauma-induced alterations in this computation might set the ground for a variety of psychiatric symptoms.

Nitrous oxide for pain management of first-trimester instrumental termination of pregnancy under local anaesthesia and/or minimal sedation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Inhalation of nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O/O2) is used to reduce pain that is spontaneous or induced by procedures. N2O/O2 could be useful in the treatment of the pain in first-trimester termination of pregnancy performed under local anaesthesia and/or minimal sedation (FTOPL). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of N2O/O2 to reduce pain in FTOPL. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE were searched using keywords. STUDY SELECTION: All studies comparing the use of N2O/O2 versus a placebo in the management of pain during FTOPL during the first trimester were included. Of the 199 studies identified, four were deemed eligible for this meta-analysis. DATA COLLECTION: The extracted results were perioperative pain, immediate and delayed postoperative pain, anxiety scores, and the secondary effects (nausea, vomiting). The data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software version 2.2.064. MAIN RESULTS: There was a significant difference in favour of N2O/O2 for perioperative pain (p = 0.006; SMD = - 0.31; 95 % CI, -0.54 - -0.09). No difference was found, however, in postoperative pain, nor was there a difference in the secondary effects (nausea, vomiting) (p = 0.61). A significant decrease in postoperative anxiety scores was seen in the pooled placebo group (p = 0.049; SMD = 0.41; and 95 % CI, 0.001-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: N2O/O2 reduces the pain of FTOPL. N2O/O2 could be recommended in FTOPL.

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on individuals under treatment for substance use disorders: Risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD), are vulnerable to the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first study to assess risk factors of adverse mental health outcomes during lockdown in a SUD population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted through an online survey that was completed by 303 individuals with SUD, attended in the Addiction Unit of University of Barcelona Clínic Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected and descriptive analyses were carried out. Depending on whether individuals reported a worsening or no change/improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms during lockdown, the sample was divided in two groups. A logistic regression was then carried out to identify risk factors associated with adverse mental health outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, frequency of use for the majority of individuals with SUD remained stable during lockdown in comparison to the pre-lockdown era, although a reduction was found in frequency of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine use in a small fraction of individuals with SUD. Symptoms of clinical anxiety were found in 58.7% of the sample while 48.2% of participants scored above the clinical threshold for depression. In addition, 50.3% of the sample reported a deterioration in depression and anxiety symptoms during lockdown that was associated with the following risk factors: previous trauma-exposure, female gender, distress and isolation, income reduction and alcohol use. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of patients with SUD experienced adverse mental health outcomes during lockdown that were associated with several risk factors, which should be taken into account in policy making and prevention strategies, as well as in clinical practice, in order to provide personalized care to SUD patients during the time of the pandemic.

FPGA-Based Stochastic Echo State Networks for Time-Series Forecasting.

Hardware implementation of artificial neural networks (ANNs) allows exploiting the inherent parallelism of these systems. Nevertheless, they require a large amount of resources in terms of area and power dissipation. Recently, Reservoir Computing (RC) has arisen as a strategic technique to design recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with simple learning capabilities. In this work, we show a new approach to implement RC systems with digital gates. The proposed method is based on the use of probabilistic computing concepts to reduce the hardware required to implement different arithmetic operations. The result is the development of a highly functional system with low hardware resources. The presented methodology is applied to chaotic time-series forecasting.

High-Density Liquid-State Machine Circuitry for Time-Series Forecasting.

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are the last neural network generation that try to mimic the real behavior of biological neurons. Although most research in this area is done through software applications, it is in hardware implementations in which the intrinsic parallelism of these computing systems are more efficiently exploited. Liquid state machines (LSM) have arisen as a strategic technique to implement recurrent designs of SNN with a simple learning methodology. In this work, we show a new low-cost methodology to implement high-density LSM by using Boolean gates. The proposed method is based on the use of probabilistic computing concepts to reduce hardware requirements, thus considerably increasing the neuron count per chip. The result is a highly functional system that is applied to high-speed time series forecasting.

A New Stochastic Computing Methodology for Efficient Neural Network Implementation.

This paper presents a new methodology for the hardware implementation of neural networks (NNs) based on probabilistic laws. The proposed encoding scheme circumvents the limitations of classical stochastic computing (based on unipolar or bipolar encoding) extending the representation range to any real number using the ratio of two bipolar-encoded pulsed signals. Furthermore, the novel approach presents practically a total noise-immunity capability due to its specific codification. We introduce different designs for building the fundamental blocks needed to implement NNs. The validity of the present approach is demonstrated through a regression and a pattern recognition task. The low cost of the methodology in terms of hardware, along with its capacity to implement complex mathematical functions (such as the hyperbolic tangent), allows its use for building highly reliable systems and parallel computing.

Harbor networks as introduction gateways: contrasting distribution patterns of native and introduced ascidians.

Harbors and marinas are well known gateways for species introductions in marine environments but little work has been done to ascertain relationships between species diversity, harbor type, and geographic distance to uncover patterns of secondary spread. Here, we sampled ascidians from 32 harbors along ca. 300 km of the NW Mediterranean coast and investigated patterns of distribution and spread related to harbor type (marina, fishing, commercial) and geographic location using multivariate techniques. In total, 28 ascidians were identified at the species level and another 9 at the genus level based on morphology and genetic barcoding. Eight species were assigned to introduced forms, 15 were given native status and 5 were classified as cryptogenic. Aplidium accarense was reported for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea and was especially abundant in 23 of the harbors. Introduced and cryptogenic species were abundant in most of the surveyed harbors, while native forms were rare and restricted to a few harbors. Significant differences in the distribution of ascidians according to harbor type and latitudinal position were observed. These differences were due to the distribution of introduced species. We obtained a significant correlation between geographic distance and ascidian composition, indicating that closely located harbors shared more ascidian species among them. This study showed that harbors act as dispersal strongholds for introduced species, with native species only appearing sporadically, and that harbor type and geographic location should also be considered when developing management plans to constrain the spread of non-indigenous species in highly urbanized coastlines.

Ultra-fast data-mining hardware architecture based on stochastic computing.

Minimal hardware implementations able to cope with the processing of large amounts of data in reasonable times are highly desired in our information-driven society. In this work we review the application of stochastic computing to probabilistic-based pattern-recognition analysis of huge database sets. The proposed technique consists in the hardware implementation of a parallel architecture implementing a similarity search of data with respect to different pre-stored categories. We design pulse-based stochastic-logic blocks to obtain an efficient pattern recognition system. The proposed architecture speeds up the screening process of huge databases by a factor of 7 when compared to a conventional digital implementation using the same hardware area.

Modifications of mechanoelectric feedback induced by 2,3-butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts.

AIM: Myocardial stretching is an arrhythmogenic factor. Optical techniques and mechanical uncouplers are used to study the mechanoelectric feedback. The aim of this study is to determine whether the mechanical uncouplers 2,3-butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin hinder or modify the electrophysiological effects of acute mechanical stretch. METHODS: The ventricular fibrillation (VF) modifications induced by acute mechanical stretch were studied in 27 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts using epicardial multiple electrodes and mapping techniques under control conditions (n = 9) and during the perfusion of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (15 mM) (n = 9) or Blebbistatin (10 µm) (n = 9). RESULTS: In the control series, myocardial stretch increased the complexity of the activation maps and the dominant frequency (DF) of VF from 13.1 ± 2.0 Hz to 19.1 ± 3.1 Hz (P < 0.001, 46% increment). At baseline, the activation maps showed less complexity in both the 2,3-butanedione monoxime and Blebbistatin series, and the DF was lower in the 2,3-butanedione monoxime series (11.4 ± 1.2 Hz; P < 0.05). The accelerating effect of mechanical stretch was abolished under 2,3-butanedione monoxime (maximum DF = 11.7 ± 2.4 Hz, 5% increment, ns vs baseline, P < 0.0001 vs. control series) and reduced under Blebbistatin (maximum DF = 12.9 ± 0.7 Hz, 8% increment, P < 0.01 vs. baseline, P < 0.0001 vs. control series). The variations in complexity of the activation maps under stretch were not significant in the 2,3-butanedione monoxime series and were significantly attenuated under Blebbistatin. CONCLUSION: The accelerating effect and increased complexity of myocardial activation during VF induced by acute mechanical stretch are abolished under the action of 2,3-butanedione monoxime and reduced under the action of Blebbistatin.

The training-induced changes on automatism, conduction and myocardial refractoriness are not mediated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons activity.

The purpose of this study is to test the role that parasympathetic postganglionic neurons could play on the adaptive electrophysiological changes produced by physical training on intrinsic myocardial automatism, conduction and refractoriness. Trained rabbits were submitted to a physical training protocol on treadmill during 6 weeks. The electrophysiological study was performed in an isolated heart preparation. The investigated myocardial properties were: (a) sinus automatism, (b) atrioventricular and ventriculoatrial conduction, (c) atrial, conduction system and ventricular refractoriness. The parameters to study the refractoriness were obtained by means of extrastimulus test at four different pacing cycle lengths (10% shorter than spontaneous sinus cycle length, 250, 200 and 150 ms) and (d) mean dominant frequency (DF) of the induced ventricular fibrillation (VF), using a spectral method. The electrophysiological protocol was performed before and during continuous atropine administration (1 µM), in order to block cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic receptor blockade did not modify either the increase in sinus cycle length, atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness (left ventricular and atrioventricular conduction system functional refractory periods) or the decrease of DF of VF. These findings reveal that the myocardial electrophysiological modifications produced by physical training are not mediated by intrinsic cardiac parasympathetic activity.

Effects of chronic exercise on myocardial refractoriness: a study on isolated rabbit heart.

AIM: To determine whether chronic physical training increases atrial and ventricular refractoriness in isolated rabbit heart. METHODS: Trained rabbits were submitted to a protocol of treadmill running. The electrophysiological parameters of refractoriness investigated in an isolated heart preparation were: (1) atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and atrial functional refractory period and ventricular effective and functional refractory periods (VERP and VFRP) using the extrastimulus technique at four different pacing cycle lengths; (2) the dominant frequency (DF) of ventricular fibrillation (VF). A multi-electrode plaque containing 256 electrodes and a spectral method were used to obtain the mean, maximum and minimum DF of VF. Sinus cycle length of the isolated hearts was determined as an electrophysiological parameter of training. In vivo heart rate, myocardial heat shock proteins (HSP60) and inducible nitric oxide synthase were also determined in some animals as electrophysiological and biochemical markers of training respectively. RESULTS: VERP and VFRP were longer in the trained group than in the control group. The mean DF of VF was lower in the trained group than in the control group. Despite the fact that training did not significantly modify the AERP, it tended to be longer in the trained group (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Training seems to increase the electrical stability of ventricular myocardium. As the electrophysiological modifications were exhibited in hearts not submitted to extrinsic nervous system or humoral influences, they are, at least in part, intrinsic modifications. These electrophysiological data also suggest that training could protect against reentrant ventricular arrhythmias.

[Treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the upper gum and the hard palate]. / Prise en charge du carcinome épidermoïde de la gencive supérieure et du palais dur.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine a rational of treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the upper gum and hard palate. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed retrospectively a series of 34 patients treated over a period of 11 years. RESULTS: There were 19 women (76%); mean age was 67.3 years; 76% had advanced tumors; 28% had neck nodes. The 5-year survival rate was 33.7%; patients without node involvement had better prognosis (p=0.034). The 5-year rate of recurrence-free survival was 61%; patients without node involvement had better prognosis (p = 0.032). At the end of the study, only 42% of patients were still alive. DISCUSSION: This type of tumor is different from those of other locations in the oral cavity or oropharynx. At the present time, surgery associated or not with post-operative radiotherapy seems to be optimal curative treatment. The question of whether neck dissection should be performed remains debated for patients without clinically nodes.

Differential expression of CD44 in canine melanocytic tumours.

CD44, the main cell surface receptor for hyaluronan (HA), is often overexpressed in tumour cells, and its presence has been related to cell proliferation and migration. Many of the functions of CD44 are mediated through its interaction with hyaluronan. This study investigated the expression of CD44 in CML-1 and CML-10c2 canine melanoma cell lines and melanoma biopsies, and the production of hyaluronan and versican by the canine melanoma cell lines. Versican is an extracellular proteoglycan that binds hyaluronan, forming a tridimensional pericellular coat surrounding the cells. Both canine melanoma cell lines expressed CD44 and produced HA, but only CML-1 produced versican. Cells expressing all three components (CD44, HA and versican) formed abundant extracellular matrices as demonstrated by a particle exclusion assay. CD44 was present within benign and malignant melanomas, but its expression was more intense in malignant melanomas (P < 0.01). In high CD44-expressing tumours, CD44 tended to be present in the periphery of malignant melanomas, whereas its expression was homogeneous in benign melanomas.

[Globus Hystericus, personality and psychopathology]. / Globus Hystericus, personalidad y psicopatología.

The aim of this investigation is to establish if there is a relation between the Globus Hystericus (GH) and any psychopathological disorder. In order to do this we have evaluated, the psychological characteristics of a sample of patients that have attended the ENT clinic with G.H., and we have compared them with those of a control group from the same clinic, to see if there were differences between both groups, and if these were statistically significant. The results have show that there are significant differences in the personality of people with G.H. They present higher marks in the Neuroticism and Introversion variables from Eysenck's E.P.Q-A, besides presenting significant differences in the behaviour signs of depression, being evaluated these with the Beck Inventory B.D.I.

Globus hystericus, personalidad y psicopatología / Globus hystericus, personality and psichopathology

Esta investigación pretende determinar si existe relación entre el Globus Hystericus (GH) y algún trastorno psicopatológico. Para ello se han evaluado las características psicológicas de una muestra de pacientes que han acudido a una consulta de otorrinolaringología presentando GH y se han comparado con las de un grupo control procedentes de la misma consulta, para determinar si existían diferencias entre ambos grupos y si éstas eran estadísticamente significativas. Los resultados han evidenciado que sí existen diferencias significativas en la personalidad de los individuos con GH. Se trata de individuos que puntúan más alto en las variables Neuroticismo e Introversión del E.P.Q.-A de Eysenck, además de presentar también diferencias significativas en las manifestaciones conductuales de la depresión, evaluadas mediante el inventario de Beck B.D.I (AU)

The aim of this investigation is to establish if there is a relation between the Globus Hystericus (GH) and any psychopathological disorder. In order to do this we have evaluated, the psychological characteristics of a sample of patients that have attended the ENT clinic with G.H., and we have compared them with those of a control group from the same clinic, to see if there were differences between both groups, and if these were statistically significant. The results have show that there are significant differences in the personality of people with G.H. They present higher marks in the Neuroticism and Introversion variables from Eysenck's E.P.Q-A, besides presenting significant differences in the behaviour signs of depression, being evaluated these with the Beck Inventory B.D.I (AU)