ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to determine frequency, serotypes, biotypes and susceptibility to eight antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal isolates in children under five years old from Mexico City. METHODS: cross-sectional survey including children two months to five years old. A nasopharyngeal sample was taken. Haemophilus influenzae identification, serotyping, biotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. RESULTS: a sample of 573 children were included. In 88/573 (15.3 %) H. influenzae was isolated, corresponding in 7/573 (1.2 %) to Hib, 3/573 (0.5 %) to Hi a, c, d, f and 78/573 (13.6 %) to Nontypable Hi. Among Hib carriers, 6 had received only one or two doses of specific vaccine. Biotype VIII (76.1 %) was the predominant. All isolates were susceptible to the antibiotics, but one Hib strain was resistant to erithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: nontypable Haemophilus influenzae was predominant. Colonization by Hib in children under 5 years old was low (1.2 %), occurring in children with an incomplete vaccination schedule.
Subject(s)
Haemophilus influenzae/isolation & purification , Nasopharynx/microbiology , Carrier State , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Haemophilus influenzae/classification , Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects , Humans , Infant , Male , Mexico , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
La influenza es una infección viral aguda de las vías respiratorias, altamente contagiosa. Es causada por el virus de la influenza A, B y C. Puede afectar a todos los grupos etarios durante epidemias, aunque tiene mayor morbilidad en los extremos de la vida. La enfermedad frecuentemente requiere de atención médica y hospitalización, contribuyendo sustancialmente a pérdidas económicas, exceso en el número de días/cama-hospital y muertes. Considerando la epidemia reciente en México del virus de la influenza humana H1N1, y la presencia de brotes epidémicos estacionales, se presenta esta actualización, haciendo énfasis en los aspectos de prevención y tratamiento.
Influenza is a highly contagious acute viral infection of the respiratory tract. It is caused by influenza A, B and C virus. Infection occurs at all ages, but during epidemics the morbidity is higher at extremes of life. Sick patients demand medical care and hospitalization, consuming limited resources, increasing length of hospital-days and eventually death. Recently, in Mexico a novel influenza A virus (H1N1) caused an epidemic. With the new virus surveillance, infections due also to seasonal virus were documented. This update highlights recommendations for prevention and treatment of influenza.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, serotypes and susceptibility profiles to eight antimicrobials in Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal isolates from a representative sample of children under 5 years of age, residents of Mexico City. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 573 children aged 2 months to 5 years.A nasopharyngeal sample was taken. S. pneumoniae identification, capsular serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility to eight antimicrobials were performed according to standardized methods. RESULTS: S. pneumoniae was isolated in 122/573 (21.4%) children. The most frequent capsular serotypes were 23F, 35, 19F, 11A and 15A; 46% of isolates corresponded to serotypes not included in the heptavalent vaccine. Low penicillin susceptibility was found in 12% of strains with 3% of highly resistant penicillin strains; erythromycin resistance was >30% and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance >40%. None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin, cefotaxime, amoxacillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol or ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Several S. pneumoniae serotypes from nasopharyngeal carriers are not included in the heptavalent vaccine. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and macrolides is high. The medical community should be aware of these results.