ABSTRACT
Dietary fatty acids (DFAs) play key roles in different metabolic processes in humans and other mammals. DFAs have been considered beneficial for health, particularly polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs) exert their function on DFA metabolism by modulating gene expression, and have drawn great attention for their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review explicitly examined the effects of DFAs on miRNA expression associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as inflammation, published in the last ten years. DFAs have been shown to induce and repress miRNA expression associated with metabolic disease and inflammation in different cell types and organisms, both in vivo and in vitro, depending on varying combinations of DFAs, doses, and the duration of treatment. However, studies are limited and heterogeneous in methodology. Additionally, recent studies demonstrated that high fat ketogenic diets, many enriched with saturated fats, do not increase serum saturated fat content in humans, and are not associated with increased inflammation. Thus, these findings shed light on the complexity of novel treatment and DFA interventions for metabolic disease and to maintain health. Further studies are needed to advance molecular therapeutic approaches, including miRNA-based strategies in human health and disease.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Inflammation/metabolism , Metabolic Diseases/metabolism , MicroRNAs , Animals , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Gene Expression/drug effects , Humans , Male , Mice , MicroRNAs/analysis , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Nocardia spp. are common soil-inhabiting bacteria that frequently infect humans through traumatic injuries or inhalation routes and cause infections, such as actinomycetoma and nocardiosis, respectively. Nocardia brasiliensis is the main aetiological agent of actinomycetoma in various countries. Many bacterial non-coding RNAs are regulators of genes associated with virulence factors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to identify non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) expressed during infection conditions and in free-living form (in vitro) in Nocardia brasiliensis. METHODS AND RESULT: The N. brasiliensis transcriptome (predominately < 200 nucleotides) was determined by RNA next-generation sequencing in both conditions. A total of seventy ncRNAs were identified in both conditions. Among these ncRNAs, 18 were differentially expressed, 12 were located within intergenic regions, and 2 were encoded as antisense of 2 different genes. Finally, 10 of these ncRNAs were studied by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and/or quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, 3 transcripts corresponded to tRNA-derived fragments (tRNAsCys, Met, Thr), and one transcript was overlapped between an intergenic region and the 5´end of the 23S rRNA. Expression of these last four transcripts was increased during N. brasiliensis infection compared with the in vitro conditions. CONCLUSION: The results of this work suggest a possible role for these transcripts in the regulation of virulence genes in actinomycetoma pathogenesis.
ABSTRACT
Bioassays of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with larvae of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles albimanus showed that the cytolytic protein Cyt1Aa was not toxic alone, but it increased the toxicity of the crystalline proteins Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa. Synergism also occurred between Cry4Ba and Cry11Aa toxins. Whereas many previous analyses of synergism have been based on a series of toxin concentrations leading to comparisons between expected and observed values for the concentration killing 50% of insects tested (LC(50)), we describe and apply a method here that enables testing for synergism based on single concentrations of toxins.
Subject(s)
Anopheles , Bacillus thuringiensis/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins/toxicity , Biological Assay/methods , Endotoxins/toxicity , Hemolysin Proteins/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Pest Control, Biological , Animals , Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins , Drug Synergism , Insect Vectors , Larva/drug effectsABSTRACT
RegulonDB (http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx/) is the primary reference database offering curated knowledge of the transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli K12, currently the best-known electronically encoded database of the genetic regulatory network of any free-living organism. This paper summarizes the improvements, new biology and new features available in version 6.0. Curation of original literature is, from now on, up to date for every new release. All the objects are supported by their corresponding evidences, now classified as strong or weak. Transcription factors are classified by origin of their effectors and by gene ontology class. We have now computational predictions for sigma(54) and five different promoter types of the sigma(70) family, as well as their corresponding -10 and -35 boxes. In addition to those curated from the literature, we added about 300 experimentally mapped promoters coming from our own high-throughput mapping efforts. RegulonDB v.6.0 now expands beyond transcription initiation, including RNA regulatory elements, specifically riboswitches, attenuators and small RNAs, with their known associated targets. The data can be accessed through overviews of correlations about gene regulation. RegulonDB associated original literature, together with more than 4000 curation notes, can now be searched with the Textpresso text mining engine.
Subject(s)
Databases, Genetic , Escherichia coli K12/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , Gene Regulatory Networks , Computational Biology , Internet , Models, Genetic , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid , Regulon , Sigma Factor/metabolism , Software , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Transcription Initiation Site , Transcription, GeneticABSTRACT
La finalidad del presente proyecto es la de mejorar el proceso de envasado mediante una maquina que reduzca los tiempos de operacion, evite en lo posible el contacto del ser humano con el producto y aumente su competitividad con respecto a otros productos.Para tal efecto fue necesario considerar el mercado de ventas que existe, a quien va destinado la maquina y/a quien y que tipo de producto va a ser comercializado. Para cumplir con todos estos requisitos se opto que el tipo de accionamiento de la maquina dosificadora por un lado sea del tipo manual, esto a consecuencia de que el costo de mano de obra en nuestro pais es barato y ademas este tipo de accionamiento no necesita de elementos costosos o de dificil adquisicion y su contruccion y montaje es simple. Por otra parte, para el caso de un aumento en la produccion, donde resulte ser que el accionamiento manual sea ineficiente, se incluye un tipo de accionamiento neumatico el cual si bien desde el punto de vista de construccion de la maquina es mas caro, desde el punto de vista de produccion resulta ser mas economico.