ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Blood viscoelasticity and plasma protein levels can play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, the role of histones and DNA in modulating blood clot properties remains to be investigated. This study investigates the differences in blood viscoelasticity and plasma protein levels among cancer patients, individuals with other diseases, and healthy individuals. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 101 participants, including 45 cancer patients, 22 healthy individuals, and 34 individuals with other diseases. Rheological properties of clots formed in vitro by reconstituted elements of fibrinogen or plasma were analyzed with an Anton Paar Rheometer, USA. Plasma protein levels of D-dimer, TPA, EPCR, fibrinogen, and histone H3 were measured through ELISA. Blood clots were formed with or without DNA and histones (H3) by adding thrombin and calcium to plasma samples, and were evaluated for viscoelasticity, permeability, and degradation. RESULTS: Cancer patients show higher blood viscoelasticity and plasma D-dimer levels compared to healthy individuals and individuals with other diseases. Our in vitro analysis showed that the addition of histone to the plasma results in a significant decrease in viscoelasticity and mean fiber thickness of the clot formed thereafter. In parallel studies, using plasma from patients, DNA and histones were detected in fibrin clots and were associated with less degradation by t-PA. Moreover, our results show that the presence of DNA and histones not only increases clots' permeability, but also makes them more prone to degradation. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma histones and DNA affect the structure of the clot formed and induce defective fibrinolysis. Moreover, the increased viscoelastic properties of plasma from cancer patients can be used as potential biomarkers in cancer prognosis.
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Mechanism of neurologic complications after epidural spinal injections (ESI) of particulate steroids at the cervical spine include intrathecal injection, epidural hematoma, direct spinal cord injury, and brain stem or cord infarction due to an arterial spasm or inadvertent intra-arterial injection of particulate steroids. At the lumbar spine, there is evidence that a spinal cord infarction secondary to an inadvertent intra-arterial injection of particulate steroids through a transforaminal approach is the leading mechanism.Variations in the arterial supply of the spinal cord help to understand how a lumbar ESI may lead to a spinal cord infarction at the thoracic level. A radiculomedullary artery arising from the lumbar or sacral spine may participate to the supply of the spinal cord. All radicular and radiculomedullary arteries penetrate the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen. Therefore, its catheterization carries a risk of inadvertent intraarterial injection. An ex vivo animal study has shown that particulate steroids injected in the blood stream produce an immediate and unexpected change of red blood cells into spiculated cells which aggregate and cause arterioles obstruction, while no particulate steroid macroaggregates or vascular spasm were observed. Rare instances of neurologic complications also occurred after ESI performed through a posterior approach. All occurred in previously operated on patients suggesting a pathologic role for the epidural scar.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex Hormones , Steroids , Humans , Injections, Intra-Arterial , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Injections, Epidural/adverse effects , InfarctionABSTRACT
The goal of the work described here was to assess the performance of Doppler ultrasound (US) of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and celiac trunk (CT) in the evaluation of tumor response in female mice with ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis treated either with bevacizumab or with carboplatin. Compared with untreated mice, carboplatin-treated mice had a lower weight (23.3 ± 2.0 vs. 27.9 ± 2.9 g, p < 0.001), peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI, 11 ± 3 vs. 28 ± 6, p < 0.001), Ki67-positive staining surfaces (p < 0.001), vascular density (p < 0.001), mean blood flow velocity (mBFVel) in the SMA (7.0 ± 1.4 vs. 10.9 ± 1.8 cm/s, p < 0.001) and CT (8.0 ± 1.8 vs. 14.3 ± 4.6 cm/s, p < 0.001) and no ascites. Weight and mBFVel were similar in bevacizumab-treated and untreated mice. The mBFVels in the SMA and CT correlated with the PCI used as an estimation of the tumor burden, Râ¯=â¯0.70 (p < 0.0001) and Râ¯=â¯0.65 (p < 0.0001), respectively. Doppler US allows non-invasive assessment of the effects of anticancer therapy in ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis-induced mice.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Bevacizumab/therapeutic use , Carboplatin/therapeutic use , Celiac Artery/diagnostic imaging , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/diagnostic imaging , Ovarian Neoplasms/blood supply , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Peritoneal Neoplasms/blood supply , Peritoneal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Ultrasonography, Doppler , Animals , Female , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Treatment Outcome , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
AIM: Evaluation of fibrin role on cancer cells implantation in injured tissues and studying the molecular mechanism of cancer cell interaction with the peritoneal damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mouse colon cancer (CT26) and human mesothelial cells (HMCs) were used. CT26 cells were implanted on injured peritoneal zones. Icodextrin was used as a lubricant. For in vitro studies, fibrin clots from human plasma were used. The cell-fibrin interaction was observed by optical, electronic, and confocal microscopies. Aprotinin was used as a plasmin inhibitor. Hemostasis impact quantified by (1) the fibrin degradation product D-Dimer and PAR expression in HMCs; (2) the expression of plasminogen activator (PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) in cancer cells by qPCR and in supernatants through ELISA after in vitro HMC incubation with 2U of thrombin for 24â¯h. RESULTS: (i) Cancer cell lines were adhered and implanted into the wound area in vivo in both the incision and peeling zones of the peritoneum and on the fibrin network in vitro. (ii) Icodextrin significantly inhibited cancer nodule formation in the scar and the incision or peritoneal damaged zones after surgery. (iii) In in vitro studies, cancer cell interaction with the fibrin clot generated a lysed area, causing an increase in plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis measured by D-dimer levels in the supernatants that was inhibited by aprotinin. (iv) Aprotinin inhibited cell-fibrin interaction and invasion. (v) Thrombin upregulates PAI-1 and downregulates PA expression in HMC. CONCLUSION: Injured tissues favor cancer cell implantation through generated fibrin. Fibrin-cancer cells adhesion can be inhibited by icodextrin.
Subject(s)
Cicatrix/metabolism , Fibrin/metabolism , Neoplasm Transplantation , Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Line, Tumor , Cicatrix/etiology , Cicatrix/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Mice , Neoplasm Transplantation/methods , Peritoneum/metabolism , Peritoneum/pathologyABSTRACT
Cancer is a result of "aggressive" division and uncontrolled proliferation of the abnormal cells that survive attack by immune cells. We investigated the expression of HLA-G and PD-L1 with the different stages of cancer cell division along with their role in the interaction of immune cells in vitro. Ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) and chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K-562) are used for this study. The correlation of protein expression with percentage of cells in each phase (G1, S and G2 phase) was evaluated through FACS. Cells were synchronized in G1, G2 and mitotic phase to evaluate gene (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (FACS). Real-time immune cell attack (RTICA) analysis with PBMCs (peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells) and cancer cells were performed. We found that cells expressing higher levels of HLA-G and PD-L1 are mainly in G2 phase and those expressing lower levels are mainly in G1 phase. Evidently, the higher expression of the two proteins was observed when synchronized in mitotic phase as compared to low expression when synchronized in G1 phase. RTICA analysis showed the presence of HLA-G delayed the lysis of the cells. In conclusion, the cancer cell can escape from immune cells in division stage that suggests the impact of mitosis index for cancer immunotherapy.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It may be impossible to perform cancer surgery with free margins in the presence of an unresectable structure. Local drug treatment after surgery has been proposed to increase the rate of tumor control. METHODS: Multi-nanolayers (10-330 nm) were generated by a low-pressure (375mTorr) inductively coupled plasma (13.56 MHz) reactor for anticancer drug delivery by the deposition of polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol multistack barrier on the collagen membrane (100 µm thickness). Carboplatin (300 µg/cm2) was used for the in vitro and in vivo investigations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (15 keV), scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to detect the presence of carboplatin in the nanolayer, the tumor sample and the culture medium. Preclinical studies were performed on ovarian (OVCAR-3NIH) and colon (CT26) cancer cell lines as xenografts (45 days) and allografts (23 days) in Swiss-nude (n = 6) and immunocompetent BALB/cByJ mice (n = 24), respectively. RESULTS: The loading of carboplatin or other drugs between the nanofilm on the collagen membrane did not modify the mesh complex architecture or the drug properties. Drugs were detectable on the membrane for more than 2 weeks in the in vitro analysis and more than 10 days in the in vivo analysis. Cytotoxic mesh decreased cell adherence (down 5.42-fold) and induced cancer cell destruction (up to 7.87-fold). Implantation of the mesh on the mouse tumor nodule modified the cell architecture and decreased the tumor size (50.26%) compared to the control by inducing cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Plasma technology allows a mesh to be built with multi-nanolayer anticancer drug delivery on collagen membranes.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Compounding/methods , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Plasma Gases , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Carboplatin/administration & dosage , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , Humans , Mice , Nanomedicine/methods , Nanostructures , Neoplasms/pathology , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
A tumor contains special types of cells that have characteristics similar to stem cells that aid in tumor initiation, evasion and proliferation and are often resistant to chemotherapy. These cancer stem cells can be differentiated to eradicate their stemness and proliferative capacity by differentiating agents. This study investigated the effect of differentiation on the expression of two immune checkpoint inhibitors, human leukocyte antigenG (HLAG) and programmed death ligand1 (PDL1). Two cancer cell lines (OVCAR3NIH and KATOIII) were treated with adipocyte and neurocyte differentiation media for 14 days. Bonemarrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were used as control healthy stem cells. We found that the cancer cell lines (OVCAR3NIH and KATOIII) when subjected to differentiation lost their proliferation ability. BMMSC proliferation was not halted but was decreased in the adipocyte differentiation media. There was no decrease in the CD90 stem cell marker in the BMMSCs; however, both cancer cell lines showed decreased CD90 stem cell marker. A significant increase in HLAG was noted for both the cancer cell lines following adipocyte differentiation. No effect was found for BMMSCs. Moreover, an increase in PDL1 in cancer cell lines was found following neurocyte differentiation. Moreover, we found that differentiation resulted in decreased PDL1 expression in BMMSCs. Differentiation therapy of cancer stem cells may result in increased immunosuppression ability, hence causing hindrance in the removal of cancer cells. Moreover, the differentiation of healthy stem cells can result in increased immunogenic reactivity owing to a decrease in PDL1 expression.
Subject(s)
B7-H1 Antigen/genetics , HLA-G Antigens/genetics , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , Neoplasms/genetics , B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism , Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Cell Differentiation , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Culture Media/chemistry , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , HLA-G Antigens/metabolism , Humans , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects , Neoplasms/metabolism , Thy-1 Antigens/metabolismABSTRACT
A low pressure ICP plasma setup was utilized to deposit thin organic barrier coatings on various substrates to fabricate DDS with encapsulated Carboplatin as a drug and Methylene Blue as a drug model. Choice of the substrates and optimal plasma parameters were discussed for the fabrication of DDS with required characteristics. Prepared thin films were analysed by FTIR, SEM, and the barrier properties were studied by measuring drug concentration released into the medium by UV-VIS and ICP-MS techniques.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Carboplatin , Drug Delivery Systems , Membranes, Artificial , Methylene Blue , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Carboplatin/chemistry , Carboplatin/pharmacokinetics , Carboplatin/pharmacology , Humans , Methylene Blue/chemistry , Methylene Blue/pharmacokinetics , Methylene Blue/pharmacology , Plasma GasesABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to analyze the acquisition of the differentiated phenotype in the human gastric signet ring cell adenoma cancer KATOIII cell line in vitro. The morphology of KATOIII cells was explored by microcinematography. Different cytokines secreted by both adherent and nonadherent KATOIII cells into medium were observed. The cancer stem cell phenotypes were identified by reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction using primers (ECad, Slug, Snail, vimentin, NANOG, NESTIN, OCT3/4 and CXC motif chemokine receptor 4) or antibodies [cluster of differentiation (CD)90 and CD117] by flow cytometry (FACS). The influence of the induction media for the differentiation of mesenchymal cells was studied through viability and proliferation assays, by evaluating gene expression and the expression of markers via FACS. Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were evaluated following the treatment of KATOIII with acetyl salicylic acid and using the induction media as an inhibitor of epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) and heparanase. A total of 3 phenotypes of KATOIII were observed (adherent, nonadherent and cell cluster), which have internal potential for cell transition into one of the other phenotypes. KATOIII was differentiated into adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte and neurocytelike cells by the induction media. Identification of the induced cells was conducted using cell dyes. Reduced mRNA expression of EMTassociated molecules, stem cell markers and heparanase was observed with acetyl salicylic acid and induction media. An inhibitory effect of acetyl salicylic acid and the induction media was also noted in regard to cell proliferation. In addition, acetyl salicylic acid induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in KATOIII cells. In conclusion, the induction of the differentiation of cancer stem cells into nonproliferating cells offers the possibility for novel drug design to overcome the issues associated with metastasis, drug resistance and systemic toxicity with improved therapeutic efficacy.
Subject(s)
Aspirin/pharmacology , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy , Apoptosis , Cell Cycle , Cell Movement , Cell Proliferation , Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology , Down-Regulation , Humans , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Fibrinogen, involved in coagulation, is a soluble protein composed of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aα, Bß, and γ-chains. In this review, we present the clinical implications of the αC domain of the molecule in Alzheimer's disease, hereditary renal amyloidosis and a number of thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid beta peptide (Aß) is increased and binds to the αC domain of normal fibrinogen, triggering increased fibrin(ogen) deposition in patients' brain parenchyma. In hereditary renal amyloidosis, fibrinogen is abnormal, with mutations located in the fibrinogen αC domain. The mutant αC domain derived from fibrinogen degradation folds incorrectly so that, in time, aggregates form, leading to amyloid deposits in the kidneys. In these patients, no thrombotic tendency has been observed. Abnormal fibrinogens with either a point mutation in the αC domain or a frameshift mutation resulting in absence of a part of the αC domain are often associated with either thrombotic events or bleeding. Mutation of an amino acid into cysteine (as in fibrinogens Dusart and Caracas V) or a frameshift mutation yielding an unpaired cysteine in the αC domain is often responsible for thrombotic events. Covalent binding of albumin to the unpaired cysteine via a disulphide bridge leads to decreased accessibility to the fibrinolytic enzymes, hence formation of poorly degradable fibrin clots, which explains the high incidence of thrombosis. In contrast, anomalies due to a frameshift mutation in the αC connector of the molecule, provoking deletion of a great part of the αC domain, are associated with bleeding.
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The present study focuses on the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the expression of HLA-G in ovarian cancer and its impact on immune cells. We used carcinomatosis fluids (nâ¯=â¯16) collected from patients diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer, detected by an increase in CA125 levels. Our results indicate that HLA-G is expressed by 1) ascitic cell clusters, 2) stromal cells (hospicells) extracted from cancer cell clusters, and 3) cancer cell lines and tumor cells. The origin of HLA-G was linked to inflammatory cytokines present in the cancer microenvironment. In parallel, the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer contains soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G). The mesothelial cell layer and submesothelial tissues, as well as the immune cell infiltrate, do not secrete HLA-G. In contrast, sHLA-G is absorbed by peritoneal tissues along with mesothelial layers as well as immune cell infiltrates. We demonstrated that interleukin-1ß along with TGF-ß can be a major HLA-G-inducing factor that upregulates HLA-G expression through the NF-κB pathway. The level of HLA-G in ascites correlated positively with the expression of T regulatory (T-regs) cells, while it negatively correlated with the expression of natural killer and memory cells in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In conclusion, the production of HLA-G is associated with the presence of inflammatory cytokines and is strongly correlated with microenvironment tolerant cells such as T-regs and diminution of NK and memory T cells.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , HLA-G Antigens/genetics , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Biomarkers , Carcinoma/immunology , Carcinoma/metabolism , Cell Adhesion , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , HLA-G Antigens/immunology , HLA-G Antigens/metabolism , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Protein BindingABSTRACT
Heparanase (HPSE), a heparan sulfate-specific endo-ß-D-glucuronidase, plays an important role in tumor cell metastasis through the degradation of extracellular matrix heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea, is an inhibitor of HPSE with suramin analogues. Our objective was to analyze the HPSE involvement in gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRCA) invasion. High expression of HPSE mRNA and protein was found in the tumor and in ascites of SRCA as well as in KATO-III cell line. Beside of collagen-I, growth factors (TGF-ß1 and VEGF-A, except FGF-2) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (Snail, Slug, Vimentin, α-SMA and Fibronectin, except E-cadherin) were found higher in main nodules of SRCA as compared to peritumoral sites. Among MDR proteins, MDR-1 and LRP (lung resistance protein) were highly expressed in tumor cells. The formation of 3D cell spheroids was found to be correlated with their origin (adherent or non-adherent KATO-III). After treatment of KATO-III cells with a HPSE inhibitor (suramin), cell proliferation and EMT-related markers, besides collagen-1 expression, were down regulated. In conclusion, in SRCA, HPSE via an autocrine secretion is involved in acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype and tumor cell malignancy. Therefore, HPSE could be an interesting pharmacological target for the treatment of SRCA.
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BACKGROUND: Auricular reconstruction is 1 of the biggest challenges of facial plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 1-stage reconstruction of an auricle using a temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF). METHODS: In this nonrandomized study, autologous auricle bodies with emergency condition and cartilaginous graft from projection of a costal arch from the VI-VII ribs were used. Temporal fascia sample with vascular pedicle (a temporal artery with the accompanying veins) by the Z-shaped incision of skin in temporal area for auricular reconstruction was extracted. Skin grafts were taken from the supraclavicular area or from the left or right flank. Grafts of partial auricle bodies (n = 8) along with cartilaginous framework from a costal arch (n = 21) were used for auricle reconstruction. The follow-up period studied after 6 months in 29 operated patients. RESULTS: The graft of partial auricle bodies or the graft of a cartilaginous framework from a costal arch presented a perfect auricular reconstruction. By avoiding a difficult microsurgery and its possible complications, the use of TPFF led to beneficial results in 75% and 90.4% of cases, respectively. Overall, no major complication (alopecia, hematoma, or necrosis) occurred, and further surgery was not required. CONCLUSION: TPFF is a technique of choice for surgical treatment of traumatic auricle defects.
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BACKGROUND: Minimal residual disease is the main issue of advanced ovarian cancer treatment. According to the literature and previous results, we hypothesized that Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) could support this minimal residual disease by protecting ovarian cancer cells (OCC) from chemotherapy. In vitro study confirmed that MSC could induce OCC chemoresistance without contact using transwell setting. Further experiments showed that this induced chemoresistance was dependent on IL-6 OCC stimulation. METHODS: We combined meticulous in vitro profiling and tumor xenograft models to study the role of IL-6 in MSC/OCC intereactions. RESULTS: We demonstrated that Tocilizumab® (anti-IL-6R therapy) in association with chemotherapy significantly reduced the peritoneal carcinosis index (PCI) than chemotherapy alone in mice xenografted with OCCs+MSCs. Further experiments showed that CCL2 and CCL5 are released by MSC in transwell co-culture and induce OCCs IL-6 secretion and chemoresistance. Finally, we found that IL-6 induced chemoresistance was dependent on PYK2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the potential key role of the stroma in protecting minimal residual disease from chemotherapy, thus favoring recurrences. Future clinical trials targeting stroma could use anti-IL-6 therapy in association with chemotherapy.
Subject(s)
Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Chemokine CCL5/metabolism , Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Chemokine CCL2/genetics , Chemokine CCL5/genetics , Coculture Techniques , Female , Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/genetics , Humans , Interleukin-6/genetics , Mice , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
The thrombopoietin (TPO) gene expression in human ovary and cancer cells from patients with ovarian carcinomatosis, as well as several cancer cell lines including MDA-MB231 (breast cancer), K562 and HL60 (Leukemic cells), OVCAR-3NIH and SKOV-3 (ovarian cancer), was performed using RT PCR, real-time PCR, and gene sequencing. Human liver tissues are used as controls. The presence of TPO in the cells and its regulation by activated protein C were explored by flow cytometry. TPO content of cell extract as well as plasma of a patient with ovarian cancer was evaluated by ELISA. The functionality of TPO was performed in coculture on the basis of the viability of a TPO-dependent cell line (Ba/F3), MTT assay, and Annexin-V labeling. As in liver, ovarian tissues and all cancer cells lines except the MDA-MB231 express the three TPO-1 (full length TPO), TPO-2 (12 bp deletion), and TPO-3 (116 pb deletion) variants. Primary ovarian cancer cells as well as cancer cell lines produce TPO. The thrombopoietin production by OVCAR-3 increased when cells are stimulated by aPC. OVCAR-3 cell's supernatant can replace exogenous TPO and inhibited TPO-dependent cell line (Ba/F3) apoptosis. The thrombopoietin produced by tumor may have a direct effect on thrombocytosis/thrombosis occurrence in patients with ovarian cancer.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel technique of intraperitoneal chemotherapy devoted to unresectable peritoneal metastasis (PM). The first results obtained with PIPAC in preclinical models of colon cancer are presented here. METHODS: In vitro, PIPAC (normotherm oxaliplatin at 0.028âmg/mL for 10âmin at 1.6 bars) and HIPEC (hyperthermic oxaliplatin at 0.14âmg/mL for 30âmin) were compared using the apoptosis and proliferation assay on two colon cancer cell lines (LS 174 and CT 26); ex vivo tumours from an orthotopic mouse model of PM and non-tumour peritoneum from a patient treated according to the two modalities were assessed, investigating the percentage of penetration of oxaliplatin in the tumour and oxaliplatin concentration below the peritoneum. In vivo, a mouse model of colon (CT 26) PM was used to create a PIPAC model (same modalities) for the comparison of IV oxaliplatin (at 5âmg/mL). RESULTS: In vitro, the rate of apoptotic and proliferative cells as well as the level of oxaliplatin penetration in tumour nodes was higher in PIPAC groups with less systemic passage through the peritoneum. In vivo, in the colon PM mouse model, the peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was decreased to the same level using PIPAC or IV oxaliplatin. Systemic passage was lower in the PIPAC group. CONCLUSIONS: PIPAC with low-dose oxaliplatin is efficient in both in vitro and in vivo models of colon PM. Lower concentrations of chemotherapy are needed in PIPAC to achieve the same effect as IV chemotherapy on PCI. With a very low systemic oxaliplatin passage, this technique of drug delivery seems to be as effective as IV delivery for PM control.
ABSTRACT
A low pressure plasma process based on plasma deposition has been used to develop a drug delivery strategy. In this study, a drug delivery system based on different layers of plasma co-polymerized Poly ε-caprolactone-Polyethylene glycol (PCL-PEG) co-polymers was deposited on biocompatible substrates. Cis-platinum (118 µgm/cm2) was used as an anti-cancer drug and incorporated for local delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent. The co-polymer layers and their interaction with cancer cells were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Our study showed that the plasma-PCL-PEG coated cellophane membranes, in which the drug, was included did not modify the flexibility and appearance of the membranes. This system was actively investigated as an alternative method of controlling localized delivery of drug in vivo. The loading of the anti-cancer drug was investigated by UV-VIS spectroscopy and its release from plasma deposited implants against BALB/c mice liver tissues were analyzed through histological examination and apoptosis by TUNEL assay. The histological examination of liver tissues revealed that when the plasma-modified membranes encapsulated the cis-platinum, the Glisson's capsule and liver parenchyma were damaged. In all cases, inflammatory tissues and fibrosis cells were observed in contact zones between the implant and the liver parenchyma. In conclusion, low pressure plasma deposited uniform nano-layers of the co-polymers can be used for controlled release of the drug in vivo.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Cisplatin/administration & dosage , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Polymerization/radiation effects , Animals , Biodegradable Plastics/chemistry , Biodegradable Plastics/radiation effects , Caproates/chemistry , Caproates/radiation effects , Cellophane/chemistry , Cellophane/radiation effects , Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage , Drug Carriers/radiation effects , Drug Implants , Female , Lactones/chemistry , Lactones/radiation effects , Liver/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/radiation effects , Polymers/chemistry , Polymers/radiation effects , Radio Waves , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Small-molecule BH3 mimetics are designed to mimic the BH3 domain of BH3-only BCL-2 family members which are antagonists of the prosurvival members (such as BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1). The BH3 mimetics are intended to bind with high affinity to prosurvival proteins, in order to inhibit their functional activity and hence to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Both navitoclax (BCL-2/BCL-XL antagonist) and ABT-199/venetoclax (BCL-2-selective inhibitor) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy especially in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, these BH3 mimetics cannot antagonize the prosurvival protein MCL-1 that is overexpressed and involved in therapeutic resistance in CLL. Furthermore, until now, none of the reported small-molecule MCL-1 inhibitors bound to their target with high affinity. The first MCL-1-selective BH3 mimetics capable of high-affinity binding and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells through an on-target mechanism have just been identified. This discovery should advance the translational research to implement novel drugs in treating CLL.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy , Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptide Fragments/analysis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/analysis , Aniline Compounds/pharmacology , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology , Humans , Sulfonamides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Purpose To determine the in vivo effects of several particulate steroids on microvascular perfusion by using intravital microscopy in a mice model and to investigate the in vitro interactions between these particulate steroids and red blood cells (RBCs). Materials and Methods The study was conducted in agreement with the guidelines of the National Committee of Ethic Reflection on Animal Experimentation. By using intravital microscopy of mouse cremaster muscle, the in vivo effects of several particulate steroids on microvascular perfusion were assessed. Four to five mice were allocated to each of the following treatment groups: saline solution, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, a nonparticulate steroid, and the particulate steroids cortivazol, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, and prednisolone. By using in vitro blood microcinematography and electron microscopy, the interactions between these steroids and human RBCs were studied. All results were analyzed by using nonparametric tests. Results With prednisolone, methylprednisolone, or triamcinolone, blood flow was rapidly and completely stopped in all the arterioles and venules (median RBC velocity in first-order arterioles, 5 minutes after administration was zero for these three groups) compared with a limited effect in mice treated with saline, dexamethasone, and cortivazol (20.3, 21.3, and 27.5 mm/sec, respectively; P < .003). This effect was associated with a large decrease in the functional capillary density (4.21, 0, and 0 capillaries per millimeter for methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, or prednisolone, respectively, vs 21.0, 21.4, and 19.1 capillaries per millimeter in mice treated with saline, dexamethasone, and cortivazol, respectively; P < .003). This was because of the rapid formation of RBC aggregates. However, no change in microvascular perfusion was associated with administration of cortivazol or dexamethasone. In vitro experiments confirmed the formation of RBC aggregates associated with the transformation of RBCs into spiculated RBCs with the same steroids. Conclusion Several particulate steroids have an immediate and massive effect on microvascular perfusion because of formation of RBC aggregates associated with the transformation of RBCs into spiculated RBCs. (©) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.