ABSTRACT
Heavy metals are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. Some heavy metals are necessary while present in the growing medium in moderate concentrations known to be essential heavy metals as they required for the body functioning as a nutrient. But there are some unwanted metals and are also toxic to the environment and create a harmful impact on the body, which termed to be non-essential heavy metals. Upon exposure, the heavy metals decrease the major antioxidants of cells and enzymes with the thiol group and affect cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis. It interacts with the DNA repair mechanism and initiates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It subsequently binds to the mitochondria and may inhibit respiratory and oxidative phosphorylation in even low concentrations. This mechanism leads to damage antioxidant repair mechanism of neuronal cells and turns into neurotoxicity. Now, phytochemicals have led to good practices in the health system. Phytochemicals that are present in the fruits and herbs can preserve upon free radical damage. Thus, this review paper summarized various phytochemicals which can be utilized as a treatment option to reverse the effect of the toxicity caused by the ingestion of heavy metals in our body through various environmental or lifestyles ways.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Metals, Heavy , Antioxidants/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Free Radicals/metabolism , Free Radicals/pharmacology , Metals, Heavy/metabolism , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Oxidative Stress , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/therapeutic use , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Sulfhydryl Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
For a squeezing-enhanced linear (so-called SU(2)) interferometer, we theoretically investigate the possibility to broaden the phase range of sub-shot-noise sensitivity. We show that this goal can be achieved by implementing detection in both output ports, with the optimal combination of the detectors outputs. With this modification, the interferometer has the phase sensitivity independent of the interferometer operation point and, similar to the standard dark port regime, is not affected by the laser technical (excess) noise. Provided that each detector is preceded by a phase-sensitive amplifier, this sensitivity could be also tolerant to the detection loss.
ABSTRACT
We propose a quantum-mechanical model of a nonlinear beam splitter having third-order nonlinearity. We show that nonclassical features, such as squeezing and sub-Poissonian photon statistics of optical fields, can be generated in the output when we mix coherent light beams via such a nonlinear beam splitter.
