ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To study the differential expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in human urinary bladder tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and to explore their correlation with various measures of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, the case group comprised 34 patients with bothersome LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), while the control group comprised 19 age-matched, otherwise healthy patients who underwent cystoscopy to investigate microscopic haematuria. Cystoscopy and bladder biopsy were performed in both groups. IHC evaluation of biopsy specimens was carried out for ER subtypes (ER-α and ER-ß) and for Ki 67 in semi-quantitative fashion. Correlations of receptors with various measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/LUTS were also assessed. RESULTS: Expression of ER-α (in both epithelial and stromas cells) was statistically significantly greater in the case group than in the control group, but ER-ß expression was not significantly different between the groups. Ki 67 expression was also significantly greater in the case group. Comparison of clinical variables according to receptor status showed that International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), post-void residual urine volume (PVR) and prostate volume were significantly associated with epithelial and stromal ER-α; however, ER-ß was associated only with PVR. CONCLUSION: We found significant correlation between bladder ER levels (specifically ER-α) and various clinical measures of BPH. We conclude that ER-α is the key mediator that could be responsible for various clinical measures of BPH/LUTS.
Subject(s)
Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/etiology , Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery , Urinary Bladder/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Biopsy, Needle , Case-Control Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Size , Prospective Studies , Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications , Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology , Reference Values , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Bladder/pathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Estrogens act through interaction with 2 receptor subtypes, ER alpha (ERα) and ER beta (ERß), in human prostate. The aim of the present study was to semiquantitatively assess the differential expression of ER subtypes in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by use of immunocytochemistry (IHC) methods and to explore their relationship with various measures of BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 patients with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate and 22 patients with bladder cancer with normal prostate undergoing surveillance cystoscopy were studied as cases and controls, respectively. Quantitative immunolabeling of ER subtypes was scored by use of a semiquantitative scale. Also, correlations were assessed between ER levels in prostate and various measures of BPH. RESULTS: Overall, we found strong immunostaining for ERα in stroma and for ERß in epithelium, respectively. The IHC score for ERα differed significantly between BPH patients and controls in both stroma (p≤0.001) and epithelium (p=0.008), respectively. The ERß IHC score was also significantly higher in the epithelium of BPH patients (p=0.01). Also, we found a significant correlation between prostatic ER levels and various clinical measures of BPH. CONCLUSIONS: ERs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BPH.
Subject(s)
Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biomarkers/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Estradiol/blood , Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism , Humans , Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Prostate/metabolism , Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology , Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery , Testosterone/blood , Transurethral Resection of Prostate/methodsABSTRACT
Primary spermatic cord malignant mesothelioma is an extremely rare tumour with only 12 cases reported so far. It is an aggressive tumour with a high recurrence rate. A 45-year-old man presented with a slow growing right inguinal swelling for the past 1 year. Physical examination revealed a well-circumscribed, hard, non-reducible swelling palpable along the medial extent of the inguinal canal with no cough impulse. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested metastatic carcinoma. Contrast-enhanced CT of the thorax and abdomen did not reveal any primary. Right high inguinal orchidectomy was performed at another institution. Postoperative histopathological examination (HPE) and immunohistochemistry suggested biphasic malignant mesothelioma with resected margin positive. The patient was referred to us for revision surgery and adjuvant therapy. Postoperative course was uneventful. Currently, he is undergoing radiotherapy.Surgery is the first-line treatment. Patients should receive adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy and long-term follow-up surveillance.