neurotic, a novel maternal neurogenic gene, encodes an O-fucosyltransferase that is essential for Notch-Delta interactions.

Notch signalling, which is highly conserved from nematodes to mammals, plays crucial roles in many developmental processes. In the Drosophila embryo, deficiency in Notch signalling results in neural hyperplasia, commonly referred to as the neurogenic phenotype. We identify a novel maternal neurogenic gene, neurotic, and show that it is essential for Notch signalling. neurotic encodes a Drosophila homolog of mammalian GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase, which adds fucose sugar to epidermal growth factor-like repeats and is known to play a crucial role in Notch signalling. neurotic functions in a cell-autonomous manner, and genetic epistasis tests reveal that Neurotic is required for the activity of the full-length but not an activated form of Notch. Further, we show that neurotic is required for Fringe activity, which encodes a fucose-specific beta1, 3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, previously shown to modulate Notch receptor activity. Finally, Neurotic is essential for the physical interaction of Notch with its ligand Delta, and for the ability of Fringe to modulate this interaction in Drosophila cultured cells. We present an unprecedented example of an absolute requirement of a protein glycosylation event for a ligand-receptor interaction. Our results suggest that O-fucosylation catalysed by Neurotic is also involved in the Fringe-independent activities of Notch and may provide a novel on-off mechanism that regulates ligand-receptor interactions.

Involvement of a proline-rich motif and RING-H2 finger of Deltex in the regulation of Notch signaling.

The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that is essential for cell-cell interactions. The Drosophila deltex gene regulates Notch signaling in a positive manner, and its gene product physically interacts with the intracellular domain of Notch through its N-terminal domain. Deltex has two other domains that are presumably involved in protein-protein interactions: a proline-rich motif that binds to SH3-domains, and a RING-H2 finger motif. Using an overexpression assay, we have analyzed the functional involvement of these Deltex domains in Notch signaling. The N-terminal domain of Deltex that binds to the CDC10/Ankyrin repeats of the Notch intracellular domain was indispensable for the function of Deltex. A mutant form of Deltex that lacked the proline-rich motif behaved as a dominant-negative form. This dominant-negative Deltex inhibited Notch signaling upstream of an activated, nuclear form of Notch and downstream of full-length Notch, suggesting the dominant-negative Deltex might prevent the activation of the Notch receptor. We found that Deltex formed a homo-multimer, and mutations in the RING-H2 finger domain abolished this oligomerization. The same mutations in the RING-H2 finger motif of Deltex disrupted the function of Deltex in vivo. However, when the same mutant was fused to a heterologous dimerization domain (Glutathione-S-Transferase), the chimeric protein had normal Deltex activity. Therefore, oligomerization mediated by the RING-H2 finger motif is an integral step in the signaling function of Deltex.