ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Apathy is a very common behavioural and psychological symptom across brain disorders. In the last decade, there have been considerable advances in research on apathy and motivation. It is thus important to revise the apathy diagnostic criteria published in 2009. The main objectives were to: a) revise the definition of apathy; b) update the list of apathy dimensions; c) operationalise the diagnostic criteria; and d) suggest appropriate assessment tools including new technologies. METHODS: The expert panel (N = 23) included researchers and health care professionals working on brain disorders and apathy, a representative of a regulatory body, and a representative of the pharmaceutical industry. The revised diagnostic criteria for apathy were developed in a two-step process. First, following the standard Delphi methodology, the experts were asked to answer questions via web-survey in two rounds. Second, all the collected information was discussed on the occasion of the 26th European Congress of Psychiatry held in Nice (France). RESULTS: Apathy was defined as a quantitative reduction of goal-directed activity in comparison to the patient's previous level of functioning (criterion A). Symptoms must persist for at least four weeks, and affect at least two of the three apathy dimensions (behaviour/cognition; emotion; social interaction; criterion B). Apathy should cause identifiable functional impairments (criterion C), and should not be fully explained by other factors, such as effects of a substance or major changes in the patient's environment (Criterion D). CONCLUSIONS: The new diagnostic criteria for apathy provide a clinical and scientific framework to increase the validity of apathy as a clinical construct. This should also help to pave the path for apathy in brain disorders to be an interventional target.
Subject(s)
Apathy , Brain Diseases/psychology , Motivation , Brain Diseases/diagnosis , France , Humans , International CooperationABSTRACT
The loss of cholinergic neurons within the basal forebrain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) may underlie aspects of the dementia. Excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may underlie the degeneration of cholinergic cells. New drug therapies have been designed to either enhance cholinergic function by inhibition acetylcholinesterase (AChE), e.g. galanthamine, tetrahydroaminoacridine or donepezil, or by attenuation of NMDA receptor function, e.g. memantine. A combination of these two therapeutic approaches may be more beneficial at slowing the progression of the AD. The current study investigated whether memantine would attenuate the inhibition of AChE produced by these three drugs. The results indicate that these AChE inhibitors do not lose their therapeutic efficacy in combination with memantine. Our in vitro data suggest that the clinical combination of memantine with a reversible AChE inhibitor should be a valuable pharmacotherapeutic approach to dementia.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology , Memantine/pharmacology , Animals , Donepezil , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Interactions , Galantamine/pharmacology , Indans/pharmacology , Male , Piperidines/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Inbred F344 , Tacrine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
CGP 36,742, an orally active GABAB receptor antagonist, improves the retention performance of rats in a social recognition test. This effect is detectable over a very wide range of doses (0.03 to 300 mg/kg, p.o.). Considering its binding (32 mumol affinity for the GABAB site) the surprisingly potent activity of CGP 36,742 makes it appear quite possible that the effect is mediated by an as yet unknown receptor subtype.
