Interaction of aerobic exercise and crocin improves memory, learning and hypocampic tau and neurotrophins gene expression in rats treated with trimethytin as a model of Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline and a reduction in hippocampal neurotrophins, in which trimethytin (TMT) infusion causes tangles and neuronal dysfunction, creating an AD-like model in rats. Previous studies have demonstrated that crocin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, can enhance learning, memory acquisition, and cognitive behavior. This study aimed to assess the combined impact of aerobic exercise and crocin on memory, learning, and hippocampal Tau and neurotrophins gene expression in AD-like model rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: (1) healthy control, (2) Alzheimer's control, (3) endurance training, (4) crocin consumption, and (5) endurance training + crocin. Alzheimer's induction was achieved in groups 2-5 through intraperitoneal injection of 8 mg/kg TMT. Rats in groups 3 and 5 engaged in treadmill running three sessions per week, 15-30 min per session, at a speed of 15-20 m/min for eight weeks, and groups 4 and 5 received daily crocin supplementation of 25 mg/kg. RESULTS: Alzheimer's induction with TMT showed significant reduction in memory, learning, NGF, BDNF, and TrkB gene expression, and increase in tau gene expression (all p < 0.05). Notably, endurance training and crocin consumption separately significantly increased memory, learning, NGF, BDNF, and TrkB gene expression while significantly decreasing tau gene expression (all p < 0.05). Importantly, combined endurance training with crocin yielded the most profound effects on memory (p = 0.001), NGF (p = 0.002), BDNF (p = 0.001), and TrkB (p = 0.003) gene expression (p < 0.005), as well as a reduction in tau gene expression (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the possible impact of endurance training, particularly when coupled with crocin, on enhancing memory, learning, and neurotrophin gene expression and reducing tau gene expression in Alzheimer's rats. These results highlight the possibility of synergistic interventions for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Regular combined training and vitamins modulated the apoptosis process in diabetic rats: Bioinformatics analysis of heart failure's differential genes expression network correlated with anti-apoptotic process.

The apoptosis process could impose significantly by hyperglycemia. According to in silico language processing and high throughput raw data analysis, we recognized hub molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic hearts and suggested a new pharmaceutical approach for declining myocardial programed cell death. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into five groups: healthy rats as control, diabetic rats, diabetic combined resistance/endurance training, diabetic rats which consumed supplementation vitamins E and C, and the combined supplementation and training. Here, we calculated changes in gene expression based on artificial intelligence methods and evaluated gene expression in apoptotic influencing combined training and antioxidants vitamins consumption in heart injured models by streptozotocin via Real-Time PCR. Moreover, we assessed the binding affinity of the 3D structure of small molecules on macromolecule SIRT3 to a new compound pharmaceutical suggesting the decline in cell death program. The computational intelligence surveys revealed that the apoptosis process was a remarkable pathomechanism in the abnormality function of heart tissue in diabetic conditions. Furthermore, we showed that synchronizing antioxidant vitamin consumption and regular combined training could significantly decrease irreversible myocardial cell death in diabetic myocardiopathy. Hence, levels of antiapoptotic mRNA were modified in the combined training/vitamin consumption group compared with other classifications. We found that regular combined exercise and vitamin consumption could reverse the apoptosis process to enhance the survival of cardiac muscle cells in diabetes conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Machine learning and system biology indicated that the apoptosis process is a vital pathomechanism of hyperglycemia-induced heart failure. Sirt3/Fas/Bcl-2/Cycs and Bax, as a critical network of apoptosis, play an essential role in heart failure induced by hyperglycemia. Moreover, Type 2 diabetes and obesity increase the risk of heart failure by increasing high blood sugar levels. We calculated the binding power of the vitamins E and C on SIRT3 protein based on the drug software. In addition, this study assessed that regular combined training and vitamin consumption had an antiapoptotic effect. Also, our data might improve the hyperglycemia state.

The effect of yoga training on enhancement of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels in female patients with multiple sclerosis.

The effect of 8 weeks yoga training on cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in female patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is examined. Twenty four MS female patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 1 to 5.5 participated in this study as the subject. The participants were divided into control (n = 10) or training group (n = 14) randomly. Training group performed 90 min yoga training per session, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Assessments include body composition measurement and blood sampling 48 h before first session and 48 h after the intervention. The results demonstrated that ACTH increased and cortisol decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05); In conclusion, it seems that yoga training modulates ACTH level in concomitant with reduction in cortisol level in female patients with MS.

Effects of Resistance versus Endurance Training on Plasma Lipocalin-2 in Young Men.

PURPOSE: Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) has been recognized as an adipocyte-derived acute phase protein that is positively correlated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The effects of resistance and endurance training (RT vs. ET) on plasma lipocalin-2 are still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of RT vs. ET on plasma lipocalin-2 in young men. METHODS: Twenty nine healthy and sedentary young men (age, 21-29 years) participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to RT group (n=9), ET group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The experimental groups performed either RT or ET, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The endurance training program included continuous running at an intensity corresponding to 65-80% of maximal heart rate, while resistance training consisted of 2-4 sets of circuit weight training for 8 stations and at an intensity corresponding to 65-80% of 1-RM in each station. RESULTS: No significant changes in the body mass, BMI, body fat percentage and WHR were found after the RT and ET. The results showed that Lcn2 decreased after RT and ET compared with the control group (P<0.05). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and insulin resistance determined by HOMA-IR, did not change in the RT and ET compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Lcn2 decreases after 8 weeks RT and ET, but this improvement was not accompanied by decreased hs-CRP and insulin resistance in healthy and sedentary young men.

Effects of short-term lifestyle activity modification on adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations.

Adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations were reduced in obesity. Exercise training may reduce the adipose tissue (AT), although it is not well known, whether exercise - induced change in AT, increases adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations or not. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term lifestyle activity modification (LAM) on adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations. Sixteen obese and overweight middle-aged men (age, 35-50 years) with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to LAM group (n=8) or control group (n=8). The subjects in LAM group walked two miles in 30 min on a treadmill on 4 days per week for 12 weeks according to the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American College of Sports Medicine. The results showed that body mass, body mass index, central visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue volume and hip and thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (hip and thigh SAT) volume were decreased in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Adiponectin mRNA in abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous AT were increased significantly in the LAM group compared to the control group (P<0.05), while plasma adiponectin concentrations, hs-CRP and insulin resistance did not change significantly. In conclusion, adiponectin mRNA levels increase after 12 weeks of LAM; however, plasma adiponectin levels were not affected by this protocol in obese and overweight middle-aged men with type 2 diabetes.

The effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women.

Physical activity has been proposed as one strategy to enhance bone mineral acquisition; however, the basic mechanisms of this effect are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women. Twenty sedentary females (aged 25.3 ± 3.2 years; ±SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to a training group (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). Subjects executed eight resistance exercises selected to stress the major muscle groups in the following order: chest press, leg extension, shoulder press, leg curls, latissimus pull down, leg press, arm curls, and triceps extension. Resistance training consisted of 50-60 min of circuit weight training per day, 3 days a week, for 12 weeks. This training was circularly performed in eight stations and included two to four sets with 8-12 maximal repetitions at 65-80 % of one-repetition maximum in each station. After 12 weeks, the training group had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the growth hormone, estrogen, parathyroid hormone and testosterone compared to the control group. The results showed that insulin-like growth factor I levels did not change significantly in response to resistance training. In conclusion, the results suggest that resistance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study increases the hormones of bone formation in young sedentary women.

Changes of serum retinol binding protein 4 levels following 8 weeks moderate aerobic exercise.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks moderate intensity aerobic exercise on serum retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels in female athletes. METHODS: Twenty female karate athletics were randomly assigned to one of the exercise group (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). The training group performed endurance training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 50-60% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. RESULTS: Body mass and body mass index increased (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks aerobic exercise compared to the control group. For waist to hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage and maximal oxygen consumption there were no significant differences between the exercise group and the control group. There were virtually no changes in body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and RBP4 levels after 8 weeks training. CONCLUSION: Serum RBP4 level was not affected by 8-week moderate aerobic exercise in female athletes.

High-intensity endurance training improves adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations.

Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory protein that reduced in obesity. Exercise training may reduce the adipose tissue (AT), although it is not well known whether exercise-induced change in AT, increases the adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma concentrations or not; therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the adiponectin mRNA and plasma concentrations in middle-aged men after 12 weeks high-intensity exercise training and after a week detraining. Sixteen sedentary overweight and obese middle-aged men (age 41.18 ± 6.1 years; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n = 8) or control group (n = 8). The training group performed endurance training 4 days a week for 12 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. After 12 weeks of training, subjects underwent a week of detraining. The results showed that the BMI as well as central and peripheral AT volume were decreased in the training group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the adiponectin gene expression in abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous AT when compared with the control group. The results showed that plasma adiponectin concentrations increased and insulin resistance decreased after training compared to the control group (P < 0.05). After a week of detraining, the variables were not changed significantly in the training group. In conclusion, high-intensity endurance training caused an increase adiponectin mRNA in obese middle-aged men.

Physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestlers.

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the physiological profile of elite Iranian junior freestyle wrestlers. Seventy elite wrestlers (age 19.8 +/- 0.9 years) who were invited to the national training camps, based on their top 10 national ranking, participated in this study. The physiological profile included body weight, flexibility (sit and reach test), maximal oxygen consumption (Bruce protocol), maximal anaerobic power of the legs (Wingate test), muscular endurance and strength (bench press, squat, pull-ups, push-ups, grip strength, and bent-knee sit-up test), speed (40-m sprint), agility (4 x 9-m shuttle run), and body composition (7-site skinfold). The major results (mean +/- SD) are as follows: body weight (kg): 77.5 +/- 19.8; flexibility (cm): 38.2 +/- 3.94; maximal oxygen consumption (ml kg(-1) min(-1)): 50.5 +/- 4.7; maximal anaerobic power of the legs (W): 455.5 +/- 87.6; 1-repetition maximum bench press (weight lifted kg body weight(-1)): 1.4 +/- 0.15; 1-repetition maximum squat (weight lifted kg body weight): 1.7 +/- 0.2; push-ups (n): 66.9 +/- 7.6; pull-ups (n): 31.6 +/- 9.7; grip strength (force in kg body weight kg(-1)) 1.02 +/- 0.11; bent-knee sit-ups (n): 66.5 +/- 8; speed (s): 5.07 +/- 0.17; agility (s): 8.7 +/- 0.25; and body fat (%): 10.6 +/- 3.8. The present study provides baseline physiological data that have been used in the prescription of individual training programs for these athletes. This information is also available to the coaches and can contribute to the general strategy employed by a wrestler and for a specific match.