The role of miRNAs in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic resistance.

In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained increased attention from researchers around the globe. Although it is twenty nucleotides long, it can modulate several gene targets simultaneously. Their mal expression is a signature of various pathologies, and they provide the foundation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of each pathology. Among the debilitating central nervous system (CNS) disorders with a growing prevalence globally is the multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, the diagnosis of MS is challenging due to the lack of disease-specific biomarkers, and the diagnosis mainly depends on ruling out other disabilities. MS could adversely affect patients' lives through its progression, and only symptomatic treatments are available as therapeutic options, but an exact cure is yet unavailable. Consequently, this review hopes to further the study of the biological features of miRNAs in MS and explore their potential as a therapeutic target.

The interplay between toxoplasmosis and host miRNAs: Mechanisms and consequences.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the highly prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The infection with T. gondii could pass unidentified in immunocompetent individuals; however, latent cysts remain dormant in their digestive tract, but they could be shed and excreted with feces infesting the environment. However, active toxoplasmosis can create serious consequences, particularly in newborns and infected persons with compromised immunity. These complications include ocular toxoplasmosis, in which most cases cannot be treated. Additionally, it caused many stillbirths and miscarriages. Circulating miRNAs are important regulatory molecules ensuring that the normal physiological role of various organs is harmonious. Upon infection with T. gondii, the tightly regulated miRNA profile is disrupted to favor the parasite's survival and further participate in the disease pathogenesis. Interestingly, this dysregulated profile could be useful in acute and chronic disease discrimination and in providing insights into the pathomechanisms of the disease. Thus, this review sheds light on the various roles of miRNAs in signaling pathways regulation involved in the pathogenesis of T. gondii and provides insights into the application of miRNAs clinically for its diagnosis and prognosis.

Machine learning algorithms for prediction of entrapment efficiency in nanomaterials.

Exploitation of machine learning in predicting performance of nanomaterials is a rapidly growing dynamic area of research. For instance, incorporation of therapeutic cargoes into nanovesicles (i.e., entrapment efficiency) is one of the critical parameters that ensures proper entrapment of drugs in the developed nanosystems. Several factors affect the entrapment efficiency of drugs and thus multiple assessments are required to ensure drug retention, and to reduce cost and time. Supervised machine learning can allow for the construction of algorithms that can mine data available from earlier studies to predict performance of specific types of nanoparticles. Comparative studies that utilize multiple regression algorithms to predict entrapment efficiency in nanomaterials are scarce. Herein, we report on a detailed methodology for prediction of entrapment efficiency in nanomaterials (e.g., niosomes) using different regression algorithms (i.e., CatBoost, linear regression, support vector regression and artificial neural network) to select the model that demonstrates the best performance for estimation of entrapment efficiency. The study concluded that CatBoost algorithm demonstrated the best performance with maximum R2 score (0.98) and mean square error (< 10-4). Among the various parameters that possess a role in entrapment efficiency of drugs into niosomes, the results obtained from CatBoost model revealed that the drug:lipid ratio is the major contributing factor affecting entrapment efficiency, followed by the lipid:surfactant molar ratio. Hence, supervised machine learning may be applied for future selection of the components of niosomes that achieve high entrapment efficiency of drugs while minimizing experimental procedures and cost.

Morphologic design of nanogold carriers for a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: Effect on ocular retention and intraocular pressure.

Morphologic design of nanomaterials for a diversity of biomedical applications is of increasing interest. The aim of the current study is to construct therapeutic gold nanoparticles of different morphologies and investigate their effect on ocular retention and intraocular pressure in a glaucoma rabbit model. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-coated nanorods and nanospheres have been synthesized and loaded with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI), and characterized in vitro for their size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Nanosized PLGA-coated gold nanoparticles of both morphologies demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (˃ 98%) for the synthesized CAI and the encapsulation of the drug into the developed nanoparticles was confirmed via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. In vivo studies revealed a significant reduction in intraocular pressure upon instillation of drug-loaded nanogold formulations compared to the marketed eye drops. Spherical nanogolds exhibited a superior efficacy compared to the rod-shaped counterparts, probably due to the enhanced ocular retention of spherical nanogolds within collagen fibers of the stroma, as illustrated by transmission electron microscopy imaging. Normal histological appearance was observed for the cornea and retina of the eyes treated with spherical drug-loaded nanogolds. Hence, incorporation of a molecularly-designed CAI into nanogold of tailored morphology may provide a promising strategy for management of glaucoma.

miRNAs role in cervical cancer pathogenesis and targeted therapy: Signaling pathways interplay.

Cervical cancer (CC) is the primary cause of cancer deaths in underdeveloped countries. The persistence of infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant contributor to the development of CC. However, few women with morphologic HPV infection develop invasive illnesses, suggesting other mechanisms contribute to cervical carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small chain nucleic acids that can regulate wide networks of cellular events. They can inhibit or degrade their target protein-encoding genes. They had the power to regulate CC's invasion, pathophysiology, angiogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle phases. Further research is required, even though novel methods have been developed for employing miRNAs in the diagnosis, and treatment of CC. We'll go through some of the new findings about miRNAs and their function in CC below. The function of miRNAs in the development of CC and its treatment is one of these. Clinical uses of miRNAs in the analysis, prediction, and management of CC are also covered.