Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab Targeted-Therapy in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Cost-effectiveness Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Atezolizumab (ATZ) plus bevacizumab (BVC) co-administration is one of the newest systemic interventions in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHCC). This treatment approach is more costly and effective than other therapeutic interventions, significantly improving AHCC survival and health-related quality of life. AIM: This economic study aimed to systematically review all cost-effectiveness analyses of ATZ/BVC combination in AHCC. METHOD: A comprehensive search in scientific databases was performed using a highly sensitive syntax to find all related economic evaluations. The target population was AHCC patients. The intervention was ATZ/BVC, which was compared with sorafenib, nivolumab, and other anticancer strategies. We included studies that reported quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and/or life-years, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and finally, the characteristics of included studies were categorized. RESULTS: Out of 315 identified records, 12 cost-effectiveness analyses were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Treatment costs were significantly higher with ATZ/BVC in all studies (from 61,397 to 253,687 USD/patient compared to sorafenib and nivolumab, respectively). Incremental QALYs/patient varied from 0.35 to 0.86 compared to sintilimab/BVC and sorafenib. Although ICERs for drugs varied widely, all were united in the lack of cost-effectiveness of the ATZ/BVC. The willingness-to-pay threshold in all studies was lower than the ICER, which indicated a reluctance to pay for this treatment strategy by the health systems. CONCLUSION: The ATZ/BVC combination is an expensive targeted immunotherapy in AHCC. Significant discounts in ATZ and BVC prices are essential for this novel approach to be cost-effective and extensively used.

Lenvatinib in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of economic evaluations.

PURPOSE: This aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of economic evaluations comparing lenvatinib to other vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors and other treatment options in the management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using highly sensitive search syntax. The titles and abstracts of all records were studied and screened to identify eligible economic evaluations. To enable comparison across different countries, the results of economic evaluations make it possible to compare, the costs and ICER of all studies were converted into 2022 US dollars, and a 3% annual increase for inflation was applied. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. This study is conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: Lenvatinib was found to be cost-effective (ICER = dominant) compared to most drugs in the included studies, except in studies where it was compared with donafenib or when the price of sorafenib was significantly discounted (e.g., with a 90% discount, the value of ICER was + 104,669 USD). CONCLUSION: Lenvatinib was generally cost-effective in most studies, but not compared to donafenib or sorafenib (if the price sorafenib was significantly discounted).

Comparing the efficacy of three methods of permethrin application in pediculosis capitis: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Pediculosis capitis, also known as head lice, is a common problem that affects individuals of different socio-economic backgrounds. Permethrin is generally considered the first-line treatment option for head lice. AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic effects of three different methods of permethrin treatment for head lice. METHOD: A parallel, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 157 patients with head lice. The participants underwent eye examination and dry combing by a trained professional. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and treated with one of the three methods of permethrin application: permethrin shampoo for 10 min, permethrin shampoo for 1 h, or permethrin cream for 10 min on a weekly basis for 3 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 157 participants, 154 completed the study. The group treated with permethrin shampoo for 1 h had the shortest average time for eradication of lice at 1.226 ± 0.422 weeks, which was significantly lower than the other two groups. Additionally, the 1-h permethrin shampoo group had the lowest time for scalp itching of 2.15 ± 0.632 weeks, which was significantly lower than the other two groups. Moreover, the rate of lice eradication in the first week was significantly higher in the 1-h permethrin shampoo group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the use of 1% permethrin shampoo for 1 h is more effective in eradicating head lice within the first week of treatment and in relieving scalp itching during the second week.

Knowledge about Prescribing Antibiotics as Prophylaxis in Patients with Open Globe Injury: A Survey in Iranian Ophthalmologists.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the Iranian ophthalmologists' knowledge of prescribing prophylactic antibiotics to patients with open globe injury (OGI) in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we utilized a questionnaire to evaluate the ophthalmologists' knowledge about prescribing antibiotics as prophylaxis. This survey was conducted in Tehran and its suburbs. The questionnaire included demographic information as well as ophthalmologists' knowledge levels. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its validity and reliability. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Of 192 subjects, 111 (35 women, 76 men) were included. About 65 (58.6%) specialists and 45 (41.4%) subspecialists with different orientations completed the questionnaires. The total knowledge score was 13.04±2.96. The following are the results of ophthalmologists' responses to questions regarding the cornea/scleral injury (1.09±1.72), prophylactic antibiotics administration (2.79±1.11), the infectious agents in eye surgeries (3.21±1.49), diagnosis and treatment (2.84±0.944), and the effects of ocular antibiotics as well as their proper dosage (2.96±2.35). There was no significant relationship between some demographic information such as sex, working hours, workplace, and the number of studied articles (p>0.05). In addition, ophthalmologists with less work experience had significantly higher levels of knowledge than those with more work experience. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the majority of ophthalmologists had a basic knowledge of prescribing prophylactic antibiotics in OGI.

An adapted model of cost-related medication nonadherence among older adult patients with chronic diseases: an Iranian qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Following the rapid aging of population, some concerns have emerged regarding increasing demand for health care services and the consequent increase in health costs. Besides, older adult patients with chronic disease are more prone to show cost-related medication non-adherence (CRN) to cope with their medication costs. The objective of this qualitative study was to develop an adopted conceptual framework on the contextual determinants that affect the CRN in older adult patients with chronic diseases. METHODS: Problem-centered, semi-structured, in-depth, and face-to-face interviews, were conducted with healthcare informants in Iran, from Sep. 2021 to Feb. 2022. Collected data were analyzed using deductive and inductive analytic approaches and content analysis methodology was used to develop the model. This study applies to the COREQ checklist. RESULTS: Fifteen informants, including 8 (60%) males, with mean ± SD age of 44.4 ± 9.7 years, entered into the study. Based on the data analysis performed on the information obtained from the interview with 3 subgroups of geriatricians, health policymakers, and pharmacists, six major themes identified as determinants: 1) socio-economic factors, 2) health system-related factors, 3) healthcare provider-related factors, 4) medication-related factors, 5) disease-related factors, and 6) patient-related factors. There were also 23 minor themes which were matched with the aforementioned six major themes. CONCLUSION: The final framework obtained in this qualitative study depicts CRN as an issue that is highly likely affected by six main determinants among older patients with chronic disease. Our findings emphasize that policymakers would focus on certain major themes and allocate resources to programs to improve medication therapy management in older adult patients.

A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Adding Cetuximab to the First-line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma in Iran; Considering Genetic Screening for Precision Medicine.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of cetuximab in different genetic populations of metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients, including KRAS and RAS wild types and mutants, when added to FOLFIRI treatment regimens for evidence-based disease management in Iran. METHOD: A Markov decision model was designed in TreeAge software with the three states of stable, progress, and death. Clinical outcomes were extracted from published clinical studies, and costs were extracted from the Iranian local data. The primary outcome was an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in the simulated population. RESULTS: The cost-utility model from the perspective of the health system indicated that the average direct medical costs of a patient that has not been genetically screened are $56,985.27 and $20,767.74 in FOLFIRI + cetuximab and FOLFIRI regimens, respectively. However, costs per patient in the KRAS wild-type population were $21,845.52 in FOLFIRI and $78,321.22 in FOLFIRI + cetuximab. In RAS wild-type patients, FOLFIRI and FOLFIRI + cetuximab costs per patient were $23,111.62 and $84,976.39, respectively. Incremental QALYs for the above scenarios were 0.069, 0.193, and 0.285, respectively. Therefore, the ICER of add-on cetuximab in Iran compared to the treatment alternatives in the scenarios with and without KRAS screening was $520,771.55/QALY, $292,768.16/QALY, and $217,460.51/QALY. CONCLUSION: Although genetic screening in precision medicine reduces costs per outcome, according to the willingness-to-pay threshold of $4349.50 in the Iranian health system, add-on cetuximab to the FOLFIRI regimen is not a cost-effective strategy even with genetic screening and a 20% price reduction.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of dapagliflozin in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to systematically review published economic studies to determine whether dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitor, plus standard care therapy (SCT) is cost-effective in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHOD: We searched relevant keywords in PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and Google Scholar to find related articles. Costs, QALYs, ICERs were extracted from eligible studies. RESULTS: Ten studies finally included in the systematic review. The results of quality assessment of the study showed that a reasonable quality of all studies. Incremental QALYs were in favor of dapagliflozin plus SCT treatment regimen. In all the studies, the incremental costs per QALY was below the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold with the exception of one study in United Kingdom which the ICER and WTP were $83,650 and $50,000. All the studies determined the National Health Care perspective. The highest and lowest ICERs were $83,650 and $1991 per QALY in United Kingdom and Thailand, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of cost-effectiveness analyses showed that adjunct dapagliflozin plus SCT is cost-effective compared to SCT alone despite the additional costs of the drug. Finally it can be concluded that dapagliflozin is a worldwide cost-effective as an adjunct medicine in HFrEF management.

Budget impact analysis of breast cancer medications: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer globally among women, with 2,261,419 new cases in 2020; systemic treatment may be neo-adjuvant, adjuvant, or both. BC subtype guides the standard systemic therapy administered, which consists of endocrine therapy for all HR + tumors, trastuzumab-based HER2-directed antibody therapy plus chemotherapy for all HER2 + tumors (with endocrine therapy given in addition, if concurrent HR positivity), and chemotherapy alone for the triple-negative subtype. This study aimed to identify, evaluate, and systematically review all budget impact analyses (BIAs) of BC medications worldwide. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases were thoroughly searched up to 26th March 2022 to identify original published studies which evaluate BIA of BC medications. ISPOR Task Force guidelines were used to assess the quality of included studies. This study was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: In total, 17 BIAs were included in the study. About half of the studies were conducted in Europe. The results of the BIAs showed that most of the included BIAs are conducted from the payer's perspective; they have different methodological frameworks for recommended chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents to treat BC. For the same medications, the results of budgetary effects are not consistent in diverse countries. Nine out of the 17 studies were focused on trastuzumab, in which the biosimilar form reduced costs, but the brand form increased costs, especially in a 52-week treatment period. CONCLUSION: Researchers should conduct the budget impact analysis of high-value medications such as anti-tumor drugs more objectively, and the accuracy of parameters needs to be more strictly guaranteed. Furthermore, it is worthy of declaring that the budgetary impact of the same drug is not always consistent over time, so the researchers should measure access to medication in the long run.

Cost-effectiveness evaluation of mirabegron versus anti-muscarinics and third-line therapies: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Overactive bladder (OAB) is defined as urinary urgency, usually with urinary frequency and nocturia. . The current treatment for OAB includes conservative management, surgery, and pharmacotherapy. Mirabegron is a new drug acting by the ß3-adrenoceptor agonism. This study aimed to review the cost-effectiveness of mirabegron in the treatment of OAB. AREAS COVERED: We searched published articles in electronic search databases. Ten studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Various antimuscarinics, including oxybutynin, fesoterodine, tolterodine, darifenacin, and trospium were compared with mirabegron. The results were evaluated and compared according to the quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), cost/year, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Of the ten studies in only three, mirabegron was not a cost-effective strategy. In seven cases, mirabegron was cost-effective. EXPERT OPINION: The cost-effectiveness of mirabegron was variable in different regions; however, most of the studies show the cost-effectiveness of mirabegron. Our study illustrates that mirabegron's ICER in comparison with its comparators is below the willingness to pay threshold even in the countries with low GDP/Capita. Our proposal for future economic studies for OAB pharmacotherapy is to compare different doses, formulations, and administration forms in a real-world context.