[Hereditary syndromal and nonsyndromal forms of primary hyperparathyroidism].

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common disorder of mineral homeostasis, characterized by overproduction of parathyroid hormone and upper normal or elevated calcium levels due to hyperplasia or a tumor of parathyroid gland. 90−95% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism are sporadic, while hereditary genetic forms occur in 5–10% of all cases. Primary hyperparathyroidism as the component of hereditary syndromes can present in various clinical forms (asymptomatic, symptomatic), can be associated with other endocrine or non-endocrine diseases, and require special approaches to treatment. Given that primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most common components of these syndromes, it can be used as an important diagnostic tool in identifying affected families. This review is devoted to modern ideas about the clinical course and genetic characteristics of hereditary variants of primary hyperparathyroidism and the diagnostic and treatment algorithms recommended today. The review considers primary hyperparathyroidism as a component of hereditary syndromes including multiple endocrine neoplasias types 1, 2A and 4 and syndrome of hyperparathyroidism with a jaw tumor. Also non-syndromic hereditary forms are descripted, such as familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, and severe neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism.

[Androgens and Antiandrogens influence on COVID-19 disease in men].

The WHO has declared a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. During a pandemic, the researches aimed at finding the new treatments for SARS-CoV-2 become relevant. The review focuses on studies of androgens and antiandrogens in this disease. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, it has been noted that men have more severe forms of infection and higher mortality. The main cause of both the severity of the disease and the high mortality of men from COVID-19 are associated with androgens. It was found that patients receiving androgen deprivation are less likely to become infected and easily tolerate COVID-19. The researchers explain the effect of the therapy by the effect on the TMPRSS2 protein. It was found that both TMPRSS2 expression and a more severe course of coronavirus infection are observed in men with hyperandrogenism - androgenic alopecia, acne, excessive facial hair growth and increased skin oiliness. In this regard, some researchers suggest to use androgen deprivation for men at high risk of developing COVID-19. Steroid and non-steroidal antiandrogens are used for androgen deprivation. At the same time, obtaned scientific data on the relationship of severe forms and mortality of COVID-19 with low testosterone levels leads to a hypothesis about the possibility of a positive effect not of androgen devrivation therapy but of androgen replacement therapy in case of hypogonadism have diagnosed. These studies have not been completed recently, and data on the effectiveness and safety of antiandrogens and androgens in the treatment of a new coronavirus infection require clarification.