Comparison of indirect markers of insulin resistance in adult patients with Double Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The presence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been called "double diabetes". This entity increases the risk for development of micro and macrovascular complications and cardiovascular mortality. The gold standard for IR quantification is the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) but it is invasive, time-consuming and not available in the majority of the clinical settings. Because of this, some formulas for IR quantification have been proposed. We aimed to compare the utility of those methods for MS detection in patients with T1D. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 112 patients with T1D and determined the presence of MS using the Joint Statement Criteria. We calculated the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), estimated insulin sensitivity index (eIS), natural logarithm of glucose disposal rate (lnGDR), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-c), visceral adipose index (VAI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and compared among patients with and without MS using Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver Operating Characteristics curves for the different indexes were used to identify the best cut-off points for MS detection. RESULTS: Thirty three percent of the patients were considered to have MS. The patients with MS had lower eGDR (5.49 [4.37-6.80] vs. 8.93 [8.03-9.94] mg/kg/min), eIS (2.89 [1.54-3.54] vs. 3.51 [2.68-4.68]) and lnGDR (1.69 ± 0.27 vs. 1.95 ± 0.21 mg/kg/min), and higher WHtR (0.55 ± 0.05 vs. 0.50 ± 0.05), VAI (3.4 [1.92-5.70] vs. 1.39 [0.97-1.92]) and TG/HDL-c (3.78 [2.63-5.73] vs. 1.77 [1.18-2.75]) in comparison with patients without MS. The cut-off points of TG-HDL-c > 2.0, eGDR < 7.32 mg/kg/min, lnGDR < 1.8 mg/kg/min, VAI > 1.84, WHtR > 0.52 and eIS < 2.92 had a sensitivity of 86, 85, 82, 77 and 70% respectively, for MS detection. The TG/HDL-c, lnGDR and eIS sensitivity changed depending on sex meanwhile eGDR, WHtR and VAI did not need adjust by sex. CONCLUSION: Our data show that an eGDR < 7.32 mg/kg/min have the highest sensitivity and specificity to detect the presence of MS in patients with T1D.

Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has one of the highest prevalence rates of obesity worldwide. New pharmacological strategies that focus on people with class III obesity are required. Metformin and dapagliflozin are two drugs approved for the treatment of diabetes. Beyond its effects on glucose, metformin has been suggested by some studies to result in weight loss. Therapy with dapagliflozin is associated with a mild but sustained weight loss in patients with diabetes. The primary outcome of the study is to determine if the combined treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin is more effective than monotherapy with metformin for weight loss in patients with class III obesity and prediabetes or diabetes who are awaiting bariatric surgery (including those patients who do have surgery). We also aimed to assess the effect of this combined treatment on waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: This randomized phase IV clinical trial will include patients with diabetes or prediabetes who are between the ages of 18 and 60 years and exhibit grade III obesity (defined as body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2). Patients using insulin will be excluded. Subjects will be randomized to one of two groups as follows: 1) metformin tablets 850 mg PO bid or 2) metformin tablets 850 mg PO bid plus dapagliflozin tablets 10 mg PO qd. The sample size required is 108 patients, which allows for a 20% dropout rate: 54 patients in the metformin group and 54 in the metformin/dapagliflozin group. All participants will receive personalized nutritional advice during the study. A run-in period of one month will be used to assess tolerance and adherence to treatment regimens. Anthropometric and biochemical variables will be recorded at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. A serum sample to determine glucagon, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 will be collected at baseline and before surgery, or at 12 months (whatever happens first). Adherence to treatment and adverse and secondary events will be recorded throughout the study. An intention-to-treat analysis will be used. DISCUSSION: Forty-six percent of the patients in our Obesity Clinic have been diagnosed with prediabetes (32%) or diabetes (14%). The use of dapagliflozin in this population could improve weight loss and other cardiovascular factors. This effect could be translated into less time before undergoing bariatric surgery and better control of associated comorbidities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT03968224. Retrospectively registered on May 29, 2019.

The Short-Term Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Renal Excretion of Sodium and Its Association with Blood Pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery has been shown to be effective in reducing weight and has benefits, such as lowering blood pressure. An increase in urinary sodium excretion has been suggested as a possible mechanism. This study explored changes in sodium excretion and their correlation with blood pressure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 28 obese participants with body mass index (BMI) of 44.54 ± 7.81 kg/m2 who underwent gastric bypass. Before surgery and at the third and sixth months after gastric bypass, blood pressure, urinary sodium concentration, 24-hour (24-h) urinary sodium excretion, and fractional excretion of sodium were evaluated. In addition, serum sodium and potassium levels were determined. Nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Blood pressure decreased after surgery and remained at low levels over the 3- and 6-month periods. The urinary sodium concentration increased at 3 months after surgery; however, the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and urine volume decreased. Interestingly, although some associations between variables were observed, significant correlations between the 24-h urinary sodium excretion and the systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures were found. In addition, the urine volume was higher in the sixth month than in the third month following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In the months immediately following surgery, a low-salt and low-volume diet favors decreases in urine volume and 24-h urinary sodium excretion. In addition, in the sixth month after surgery, an association between blood pressure and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was observed.

[Obesity treatment with liraglutide in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report]. / Tratamiento de obesidad con liraglutida en un paciente con síndrome de Prader-Willi: reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a major cause of syndromic obesity, caused by deletions on chromosome 15q11-q13. It is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, difficulty in feeding with low birth-weight and subsequent development of hyperphagia, behavioral disorders and obesity. Treatment options for weight control in those patients is limited and there are controversies for a surgical approach. CASE REPORT: we present the case of a patient with PWS who achieved weight loss and control through the use of liraglutide, nutritional therapy and physical activity. DISCUSSION: the treatment of obesity in patients with PWS is challenging and requires an adequate nutritional approach combined with psychological therapy. In those patients that persist with uncontrolled appetite, medications such as metformin or GLP-1 analogs can be used.

Tratamiento de obesidad con liraglutida en un paciente con síndrome de prader-willi: reporte de un caso / Obesity treatment with liraglutide in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report

Introducción: el síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es una de las principales causas de obesidad sindrómica, causado por deleciones en el cromosoma 15q11-q13. Está caracterizado por hipotonía neonatal, dificultad para la alimentación con peso bajo al nacer y posterior desarrollo de hiperfagia, alteraciones de la conducta y obesidad. El tratamiento para la pérdida de peso en estos pacientes es complicado debido a la limitación para el uso de algunos medicamentos y la controversia en el uso de opciones quirúrgicas. Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un paciente con SPW que logró disminución y control de peso mediante el uso de liraglutida, terapia nutricional y actividad física. Discusión: el tratamiento de la obesidad en los pacientes con SPW es complicado y requiere un adecuado manejo dietético aunado a terapia psicológica y, en caso de persistencia del descontrol del apetito, el uso de medicamentos como metformina o los análogos de GLP-1

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a major cause of syndromic obesity, caused by deletions on chromosome 15q11-q13. It is characterized by neonatal hypotonia, difficulty in feeding with low birth-weight and subsequent development of hyperphagia, behavioral disorders and obesity. Treatment options for weight control in those patients is limited and there are controversies for a surgical approach. Case report: we present the case of a patient with PWS who achieved weight loss and control through the use of liraglutide, nutritional therapy and physical activity. Discussion: the treatment of obesity in patients with PWS is challenging and requires an adequate nutritional approach combined with psychological therapy. In those patients that persist with uncontrolled appetite, medications such as metformin or GLP-1 analogs can be used

[Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in obesity before and after bariatric surgery]. / Evaluación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular antes y después de cirugía bariátrica.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has one of the highest prevalences of severe obesity worldwide. Mortality in those patients may be as high as 90% mainly due to cardiovascular disease. Despite Framingham score has been validated in the Mexican population, it only predicts cardiovascular risk at 10 years. Meanwhile ASCVD10 score could evaluate risk at 10 years and through lifetime. None of these scores have been used for cardiovascular risk assessment in Mexican patients with severe obesity. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental (before/ after) study with 109 patients with severe obesity, assessed prevalence of comorbidities, performed anthropometric and biochemical evaluations before and a year after bariatric surgery. With these results we calculated Framingham and ASCVD10 scores and compared them. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 45.3 ± 10.1 years, 70% female, 79% underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. We observed weight decrease at each evaluation point after surgery, independently of the surgical procedure. All biochemical parameters improved. Framingham score decreased from 9.4% to 5.9%, frequency of patients classified as high-risk decreased from 25% to 11%. ASCVD10 score decreased from 4.1% to 2.5%, patients classified as high-risk decreased from 28% to 16%. Tobacco use was the most important factor involved in cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk at 10-years and lifetime decreased as soon as one year after surgery as assessed through Framingham and ASCVD scores.

INTRODUCCIÓN: México posee una de las más altas prevalencias de obesidad severa en el mundo. La mortalidad por causas cardiovasculares en estos pacientes alcanza el 90%. Existen distintas escalas para valorar el riesgo, como la escala de Framingham que evalúa a 10 años, y la ASCVD10 que evalúa a 10 años y a lo largo de la vida. Ninguna se ha usado para evaluar el riesgo cardiovascular en mexicanos con obesidad severa antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica. MÉTODOS: se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental con 109 pacientes con obesidad severa, con evaluación antropométrica y bioquímica, antes y un año después de la cirugía bariátrica. Se obtuvo el puntaje de riesgo con las escalas de Framingham y ASCVD10. RESULTADOS: la mediana de edad fue 45.3 ± 10.1 años, 70% eran mujeres, en 79% se realizó bypass laparoscópico con Y de Roux. Hubo disminución de peso en cada evaluación posterior a la cirugía, independientemente del procedimiento, y mejoría en todos los parámetros bioquímicos. El riesgo evaluado por Framingham disminuyó de 9.4 a 5.9%, el porcentaje de pacientes de "alto riesgo" disminuyó de 25 a 11%; con respecto al riesgo evaluado por ASCVD10 se redujo de 4.1 a 2.5%, con porcentaje de pacientes de alto riesgo que disminuyó de 28 a 16%. El tabaquismo fue el mayor determinante de riesgo cardiovascular. CONCLUSIONES: el riesgo cardiovascular evaluado por ambas escalas disminuyó un año después de la cirugía bariátrica.

High Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Levels Increase Proinflammatory and Cardiovascular Markers in Patients with Extreme Obesity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Obesity is an important health problem worldwide and many studies have suggested a relationship between obesity and thyroid function, with controversial results. Interestingly, high TSH levels have been involved with the presence of inflammatory state and risk for developing cardiovascular diseases in hypothyroid and obese patients. The aim in this work was to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with extreme obesity and to determine whether their TSH levels were related to increased serum levels of inflammatory and cardiovascular markers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 101 patients with extreme obesity (BMI ≥40) was performed. Anthropometric (weight, height and waist circumference) and biochemical (fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and insulin) parameters were measured. TSH and FT4 levels as well as clinical exploration for diagnosis of hypothyroidism were carried out. Serum concentration of IL-10, IL-6, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin were determined. RESULTS: A high prevalence for diabetes (37.6%), prediabetes (50.5%), dyslipidemia (74.3%), hypertension (61.4%) and hypothyroidism (48.5%) was observed in patients with extreme obesity. The presence of hypothyroidism increased serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and leptin and decreased the antiinflammatory cytokine adiponectin. In addition, serum TSH levels showed a correlation for waist circumference, weight, BMI, A1c, insulin, IL-6, leptin, ICAM-1 and E-selectin. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence for hypothyroidism in patients with extreme obesity. High levels of TSH contribute to elevate proinflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers, increasing the risk for development of cardiovascular diseases.

[Autoimmune diseases in type 1A diabetes mellitus]. / Enfermedades autoinmunitarias asociadas a diabetes mellitus tipo 1A.

Type 1A diabetes (DM1A) is an autoimmune disease that comprises 10% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Its frequency is gradually increasing in countries like Mexico. Patients with DM1A commonly have hypothyroidism, Addison disease, celiac disease and less common diseases such as polyglandular syndrome. These diseases are related to susceptibility genes such as HLA, CTLA-4 and PTPN22, which induce central and peripheral immunologic tolerance. This review article emphasizes the importance of searching other autoimmune diseases in patients with DM1A, to improve their prognosis and quality of life.

[Consensus of diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium]. / Consenso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la obesidad en la mujer en edad reproductiva y en el climaterio.

BACKGROUND: The development of obesity is complex and multifactorial, with genetic, biological, environmental and lifestyle of each individual etiology. The different changes in metabolism of women, amongst other factors, lead to disorganization in the distribution of lipids, which gathered in large quantities within the viscera, increases cardiovascular mortality and it is a major determinant factor of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To homologate and to apply concepts of evidence-based clinical practice in diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium. METHOD: The experts' consensus was done by specialized physicians properly endocrinologists, gynecologists, surgeons, psychologists, nutrition specialists, physical activity and public health, according to their expertise and clinical judgment. The recommendations were based in diagnostic criteria aside from the level of evidence of previously established treatment guidelines, controlled clinical trials and standardized guides for women in reproductive age and climacterium with obesity. RESULTS: The establishment of a nutritional intervention amongst other aspects of lifestyle is the first-line in the treatment of obesity. Current pharmacological treatments offer modest results in efficiency and security in weight reduction so these must go along with real changes in lifestyle in order to obtain better results in the short and long term. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in our country, especially in women in reproductive age, compels us to pose and work in prevention strategies as well as diverse therapeutic plans favoring safe weight loss and results in the long term.

Enfermedades autoinmunitarias asociadas a diabetes mellitus tipo 1A / Autoimmune diseases in type 1A diabetes mellitus

Type 1A diabetes (DM1A) is an autoimmune disease that comprises 10% of patients with diabetes mellitus. Its frequency is gradually increasing in countries like Mexico. Patients with DM1A commonly have hypothyroidism, Addison disease, celiac disease and less common diseases such as polyglandular syndrome. These diseases are related to susceptibility genes such as HLA, CTLA-4 and PTPN22, which induce central and peripheral immunologic tolerance. This review article emphasizes the importance of searching other autoimmune diseases in patients with DM1A, to improve their prognosis and quality of life.

Implementación del plan de cuidados de enfermería al paciente con cirugía bariátrica / Implementation of the nursing care plan for patients who underwent bariatric surgery

Resumen:

Introducción: la obesidad constituye una enfermedad sistémica, crónica y multicausal. En ella se involucran la susceptibilidad genética, estilos de vida y del entorno, con influencia de diversos determinantes subyacentes, como la globalización, la cultura, la condición económica, la educación, la urbanización y el entorno político y social. La atención integral de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), como la obesidad, requiere de intervenciones de alto impacto que puedan aplicarse con un enfoque de atención primaria que refuerce la detección precoz y el tratamiento oportuno. Entre las estrategias sectoriales que coadyuvan en la atención integral de la obesidad mórbida en México destaca la difusión e implementación de a) programas estratégicos para la atención del paciente con obesidad mórbida, b) guías de práctica clínica sobre el tratamiento de la obesidad mórbida y c) planes de cuidados de enfermería (PLACE) del paciente con obesidad.

Desarrollo: se describen las fases relacionadas con el proceso de diseño e implementación del PLACE al paciente con obesidad mórbida, sometido a cirugía bariátrica en una unidad médica de tercer nivel de atención del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), específicamente: a) diseño y revisión del plan de cuidados, b) difusión y capacitación del personal de enfermería sobre obesidad y el PLACE, c) utilización y d) seguimiento. Para esta implementación se involucraron intervenciones sobre los profesionales e intervenciones organizativas.

Conclusiones: las diferentes acciones que se propongan para la difusión, capacitación, implantación y seguimiento de los PLACE deben ser abordadas desde una perspectiva metodológica para garantizar resultados favorables.

Abstract:

Introduction: Obesity is a systemic, chronic and multicausal disease, which is related to genetic susceptibility, lifestyle and environment, and influenced by various underlying determinants, such as globalization, culture, economic status, education, urbanization, and the political and social environment. Comprehensive treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), like obesity, requires high impact interventions that can be applied by a primary care approach to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. Among the sectoral strategies that assist in the comprehensive care of morbid obesity in México, it stands out the dissemination and implementation of: a) strategic programs for the care of patients with morbid obesity, b) clinical practice guidelines on the treatment of morbid obesity, and c) nursing care plans (PLACE, in Spanish) for the obese patient.

Development: This document describes the stages related to the design and implementation of the PLACE for morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery in a tertiary care medical unit of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), specifically: a) the design and review of the plan of care b) its dissemination and the training of nurses regarding obesity and the PLACE, c) use, and d) monitoring. For this implementation, we included interventions in regards to professionals and to organizations. Conclusions: The different actions proposed for training, dissemination, implementation, and monitoring of nursing care plans should be approached from a methodological perspective to ensure a favorable outcome.

[The current state of obesity in Mexico]. / Escenario actual de la obesidad en México.

Excess weight (overweight and obesity) is currently recognized as one of the most important challenges of public health in the world, given its size, speed of growth, and the negative effect on the population who suffers it. Overweight and obesity increases significantly the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases, and premature mortality, as well as the social cost of health. Today, Mexico has the second global prevalence of obesity in the adult population (30 %), which is ten times higher than Korea's or Japan's (4 %). Until 2012, 26 million Mexican adults were overweight, and 22 million, obese. This implies a major challenge for the health sector. Mexico needs to plan and implement strategies and cost-effective actions for the prevention and control of obesity in children, adolescents, and adults. Global experience shows that proper care of obesity and overweight demands to formulate and coordinate efficient multi-sectoral strategies for enhancing protective factors to health, particularly to modify individual behavior, family and community.

El exceso de peso corporal (sobrepeso y obesidad) es reconocido actualmente como uno de los retos más importantes de salud pública en el mundo, dada su magnitud, la rapidez de su incremento y el efecto negativo que ejerce sobre la salud de la población que lo padece. El sobrepeso y la obesidad incrementan significativamente el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y la mortalidad prematura, ademásdel costo social de la salud. Actualmente, México ocupa el segundo lugar de prevalencia mundial de obesidad en la población adulta (30 %), que es diez veces mayor que la de Japón o Corea (4 %). Hasta el año 2012, 26 millones de adultos mexicanos tenían sobrepeso y 22 millones, obesidad, lo que representa un reto muy importante para el sector salud.México debe planear e implementar estrategias y líneas de acción costo-efectivas, dirigidas a la prevención y el control de la obesidad del niño, el adolescente y el adulto. La experiencia global indica que la atención correcta de la obesidad y el sobrepeso requiere que se formulen y coordinen estrategias multisectoriales eficientes que permitan potenciar los factores de protección hacia la salud, particularmente para modificar el comportamiento individual, familiar y comunitario.

[Practice clinical guideline. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of overweight and obesity]. / Guía de práctica clínica. Prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad exógena.

Excess body weight (overweight and obesity) is currently recognized as one of the most important challenges of public health in the world, due to its size, speed of growth and the negative effect on health. Currently, Mexico and United States have the highest prevalence of obesity in the adult population (30 %), which is nearly ten times higher than that of Japan or Korea (4 %). In our country, the trends of overweight and obesity in different national surveys show steady increase in prevalence over time. According to the results of the National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2012 (ENSANUT, according to its initials in Spanish), the combined prevalence of overweight or obese (BMI = 25 kg/m(2)) in the population over 20 years is higher in women (73.0 %) than men (69.4 %), while the prevalence of obesity (BMI = 30 kg/m(2)) is almost higher in females than in males. Global experience shows that proper care of obesity and overweight requires formulating and coordinating comprehensive and efficient multilevel strategies for enhancing protective factors to health, particularly to modify individual, family and community behavior. It is unlikely that a single intervention can modify the incidence or natural history of overweight and obesity.

El exceso de peso corporal es uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública en el mundo. En la actualidad, México y Estados Unidos ocupan los primeros lugares de prevalencia mundial de obesidad en la población adulta (30 %), la cual es casi diez veces mayor que la de países como Japón y Corea (4 %). En nuestro país, las tendencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en las diferentes encuestas nacionales muestran un incremento constante de la prevalencia a lo largo del tiempo: de acuerdo con los resultados de la ENSANUT 2012, la prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso u obesidad (IMC = 25 kg/m2), en la población mayor de 20 años, es mayor en las mujeres (73.0 %) que en los hombres (69.4 %), mientras que la prevalencia de obesidad (IMC = 30 kg/m2) es más alta en el sexo femenino que en el masculino. La experiencia global indica que la atención correcta de la obesidad y el sobrepeso requiere formular y coordinar estrategias multisectoriales integrales y eficientes que permitan potenciar los factores de protección a la salud, particularmente para modificar el comportamiento individual, familiar y comunitario. El IMSS desarrolla programas y proyectos de interés social para otorgar atención integral de calidad a los derechohabientes con sobrepeso y obesidad, con el propósito de limitar las consecuencias metabólicas de la enfermedad, mejorar la calidad de vida de aquellos y lograr mayor eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.