ABSTRACT
Four species of the genus Sticta are described as new from Bolivia, based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Additionally, two species are reported as new to Bolivia (their identification confirmed by molecular data) and one previously reported species is confirmed by molecular data for the first time. Detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions are provided for all new species. Two of the new species, S.isidiolobulata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S.madidiensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa belong to clade I, as defined in previous studies. In contrast, S.montepunkuensis Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa and S.macrolobata Ossowska, B. Moncada, Lücking & Kukwa, also described here as new to science, belong to clade III. Stictaisidiolobulata has an irregular to suborbicular thallus of medium size, with isidia developing into spathulate lobules, cyanobacterial photobiont and apothecia with entire to weakly-crenate margins. The large irregular thallus of the cyanobacteria-associated S.macrolobata has broad lobes, apothecia with verrucous to tomentose margins and cyphellae with raised margins, whereas S.madidiensis has a medium-sized, palmate to irregular thallus with a stipe, but without vegetative propagules and apothecia. Stictamontepunkuensis has large and irregular thalli with green algae as photobiont, apothecia with crenate to verrucous margins and urceolate cyphellae with a wide pore and a scabrid basal membrane. Two species, S.beauvoisii Delise and S.riparia Merc.-Díaz are reported as new to Bolivia (the latter also as new to South America) and belong to clade III. Stictatomentosa (Sw.) Ach., species confirmed from Bolivia by molecular data, belongs to clade II. Stictabeauvoisii is characterised by a smooth yellowish-brown upper surface with darker apices and abundant, marginal isidia and a brown lower surface with golden-chocolate brown primary tomentum and sparse, golden-brown rhizines. Stictariparia has a strongly branched thallus, with undulate lobes and abundant, marginal, palmate, grey to dark brown phyllidia and greyish-brown lower surface with the primary tomentum absent towards the margins. Stictatomentosa has palmate, bluish thalli with white cilia and abundant, submarginal apothecia and creamy-white lower surface with a sparse, white primary tomentum.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos de diferentes polaridades de las especies de Everniastrum columbiense, Flavopunctelia flaventor, Parmotrema simulans, Ramalina celastri, Teloschistes exilis y Usnea sp., recolectadas en el margen occidental de la cuenca alta del Río Bogotá, a los 05° 07' 23,4"N y 73° 39' 10,5"W; frente a los microorganismos Staphylococcus aureus y Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó el método de difusión en gel por perforación en placa. Resultados. Los extractos de Flavopunctelia flaventor, Everniastrum columbiense, Parmotrema simulans, Usnea Sp y Ramalina celastri, presentaron actividad antibacteriana frente a Staphylococcus aureus. Y los extractos de Flavopunctelia flaventor, Usnea Sp. y Ramalina celastri, presentaron actividad antibacteriana frente a Klebsiella pneumoniae.
To determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts of different polarities species Everniastrum columbiense, flaventor Flavopunctelia, Parmotrema simulans, Ramalina celastri, Teloschistes exilis and Usnea sp, collected on the western margin of the basin alta of Río Bogotá, to 05. ° 07 '23.4 "N and 73 ° 39' 10.5" W; against microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and methods. Diffusion method was used in gel plate by drilling. Results: Extracts of Flavopunctelia flaventor, Everniastrum columbiense, Parmotrema simulans, Usnea Sp and Ramalina celastri showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with antibacterial. And extracts Flavopunctelia flaventor, Usnea Sp and Ramalina celastri showed antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Subject(s)
Humans , Botany , Fungi , Lichens , Anti-Infective AgentsABSTRACT
Colombia is a megadiverse country, but with a substantial gap in the taxonomic and ecological knowledge of fungi and lichens. Thus, the objective of the present study was an ecogeographical analysis of the Sticta species in Colombia. The data included macrodistribution (with respect to mountain ranges and life zones) and microhabitat preferences (light, substrate) and were obtained from field work and herbarium collection labels (completed by comparison with modern geographic and vegetation maps), for 103 species of Sticta currently recognized in Colombia (plus seven additional biotypes with different photobionts or reproductive mode). Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), correlations between ecogeographical variables and species were established, and ecotypes were delimited. Colombian species of Sticta showed distinct distribution patterns relative to altitude, mountain ranges, life zones, as well as light exposure and substrate, forming several distinct groups. Cyanobacterial species tend to have wider distribution ranges than green algal species. We concluded that the orogeny of the Northern Andes substantially affected speciation of the genus Sticta and its ecogeographical differentiation.
Colombia es un país megadiverso, pero con una ausencia significativa en el conocimiento de la taxonomía y ecología de hongos y líquenes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio era un análisis ecogeográfico de las especies de Sticta de Colombia. Los datos incluyeron la macrodistribución (con respeto a las cordilleras y zonas de vida) y preferencias de microhabitat (luz, sustrato) y fueron obtenidos mediante trabajo de campo y en el herbario (complemetados con mapas modernos de geografía y vegetación), para 103 especies actualmente reconocidas en Colombia (más siete biotipos con diferentes fotobiontes o modo de reproducción). Se elaboró un análisis de ordenación usando la técnica de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMS), para establecer correlaciones entre variables ecogeográficas y las especies y para definir ecotipos. Las especies de Sticta en Colombia presentan patrones de distribución relativos a la altitud, las zonas de vida y la ubicación en las cordilleras, tanto como luz y sustrato, formando varios grupos distintos. Las especies con ciano-bionte tienen un rango de distribución más amplio que las especies con fotobionte verde. Concluimos que la orogenia de los Andes afectó significativamente la especiación del género Sticta y su diferenciación ecogeográfica.