Finite element and experimental analysis to select patient's bone condition specific porous dental implant, fabricated using additive manufacturing.

BACKGROUND: Differences in patients' bone conditions lead to variations in the bio-mechanical environment at the peri-implant bone after implantation. It is therefore imperative to design patient-specific dental implants with customized stiffness to minimize stress shielding and better osseointegration. METHOD: Nine Ti-6Al-4V implants with pore sizes of 500, 700, 900 µm and 10, 20, 30% porosity each and one non-porous (solid) implant were modelled for experimental and finite element (FE) analysis. Using computed tomography (CT) data of the mandible, five different bone conditions were considered by varying bone density. Implants were fabricated using additive manufacturing, and micro-CT analysis was performed for assessing accuracy of fabricated implants and further modelling for FE analyses. The FE results were also compared with experimental results. RESULTS: Under a 200 N static load, the average difference between the experimental and FE observations of deformation was 9.7%. The peri-implant bone micro-strain revealed statistically significant interactions between percentage porosity (%porosity) and bone condition, as well as between pore size and %porosity (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistically significant interaction between pore size and bone condition (p > 0.05) was observed. Together, %porosity and bone conditions contributed about 45.22% of the overall peri-implant bone micro-strain. CONCLUSIONS: Considering 1500-2000 as the maximum generated peri-implant bone micro-strain during regular physiological functioning, implants with 700 and 900 µm pore size and 10% porosity were deemed suitable for a 'very weak' bone condition. Contrarily, implants with 900 µm pore size and 30% porosity generated the highest peri-implant bone micro-strain for a 'normal' bone condition. Overall, the study establishes the necessity for considering the patient's bone condition as an important factor for the design of dental implants.

Isolation, purification and structural characterization of an acetylated heteroglycan from the unripe fruits of Manilkara zapota L.

A water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the unripe fruits of Manilkara zapota L. was found to consist of 3-O-acyl-L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, 3-O-acetyl-D-methyl galacturonate in a molar proportion of nearly 1:1:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis; periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and NMR experiments. On the basis of the above experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide.

A (1-->6)-beta-glucan from a somatic hybrid of Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea: isolation, characterization, and study of immunoenhancing properties.

A water-soluble immunoenhancing polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of fruit bodies of somatic hybrid (Pflo Vv5 FB), obtained through protoplast fusion between Pleurotus florida and Volvariella volvacea strains. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, the polysaccharide was found to contain glucose only. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation along with (1)H, DEPT-135, and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, 1H,13C-HMQC, and HMBC experiments showed that the polysaccharide was a (1-->6)-beta-d-glucan, which was not a constituent of any of the parent mushrooms previously reported. This glucan stimulated the macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

Isolation and characterization of a heteropolysaccharide from the corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus.

A water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of the corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus was found to contain D-galactose, D-glucose, 4-O-acyl-D-methyl galacturonate, and l-arabinose in a molar ratio 2:1:1:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as: This molecule showed splenocyte activation.

Structural studies of an immunoenhancing water-soluble glucan isolated from hot water extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus florida, cultivar Assam Florida.

An immunoenhancing polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom Pleurotus florida, cultivar Assam Florida, was found to consist of only d-glucose as a monosaccharide constituent. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR experiments ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT-135, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as This glucan stimulates macrophages, splenocytes, and thymocytes.

Structural characterization of dietary fiber of green chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit by NMR spectroscopic analysis.

A water-soluble dietary fiber was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit. The polysaccharide was found to contain D-galactose and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of 2:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as -->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA6Me-( 1-->.

Structural investigation of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the green fruits of Capsicum annuum.

A water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from the hot water extract of the green fruits of Capsicum annuum was found to consist of 3-O-acyl-L-rhamnose, D-methyl galacturonate, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose in a molar proportion of nearly 1:2:1. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and NMR experiments. On the basis of the above-mentioned experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide.

NMR and MALDI-TOFMS analysis of a heteroglycan isolated from hot water extract of edible mushroom, Volvariella bombycina.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the hot aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella bombycina, consists of d-glucose, d-mannose, and d-galactose in a molar ratio 2:1:1. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), and MALDI-TOFMS analysis, the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established as [table in text].

Structural assignment of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the gum of Cochlospermum religiosum (Katira gum).

A heteropolysaccharide isolated from the gum (Katira) of Cochlospermum religiosum was found to consist of D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid and L-rhamnose in a molar ratio 2:1:3. Structural assignment of the polysaccharide was carried out using total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HMBC and HSQC) and the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [Formula: see text].

Structural investigation of a polysaccharide (Fr. I) isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella diplasia.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, (Fr. I) isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Volvariella diplasia, is composed of D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose in a molar ratio 3:1:1. Compositional analysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, Smith degradation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed the presence of the following repeating unit in the polysaccharide: [Formula: see text].

Structural analysis of a polysaccharide isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus sajor-caju, cultivar Black Japan.

A water-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from the aqueous extract of an edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju, cultivar Black Japan was found to consist of D-glucose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 3:1. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structure of the polysaccharide was established as [Formula: see text].

Chemical analysis of a new fucoglucan isolated from an edible mushroom, Termitomyces robustus.

A water-soluble fucoglucan, isolated from alkali-treated edible mushroom, Termitomyces robustus, consists of L-fucose and D-glucose in a molar proportion of 1:4. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out by using total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and periodate oxidation followed by GLC-MS, and the final structure was determined using NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of the above experiments it is concluded that the following repeating unit is present in the polysaccharide: [Formula: see text].

Isolation and characterization of a heteroglycan from the fruits of Astraeus hygrometricus.

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from an alkaline extract of the fruits of the ectomycorrhizal fungus, Astraeus hygrometricus. It was found to contain D-mannose, D-glucose, and L-fucose in a molar ratio of 1:2:1. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR studies (1H, 13C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC) the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as [Formula: see text]

Structural studies of a methyl galacturonosyl-methoxyxylan isolated from the stem of Lagenaria siceraria (Lau).

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of the stem of Lagenaria siceraria. The polysaccharide was found to be constituted of methyl d-galacturonate, 2-O-methyl-D-xylose, and d-xylose in a ratio of 1:1:1. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, 2D-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC), and MALDI-TOF MS analysis, the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is determined as.

A water-soluble glucan isolated from an edible mushroom Termitomyces microcarpus.

A water-soluble glucan was isolated from an edible mushroom, Termitomyces microcarpus. On the basis of total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and NMR studies ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY and HSQC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established as -->4)-alpha--Glcp-(1-->3)-beta--Glcp-(1-->

Structural investigation of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the pods (fruits) of Moringa oleifera (Sajina).

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the aqueous extract of pods of Moringa oleifera. The polysaccharide contains d-galactose, 6-O-Me-D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, l-arabinose, and l-rhamnose in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:1:1. On the basis of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR ((1)H, (13)C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies, the repeating unit of the polysaccharide is established as [structure: see text].