ABSTRACT
The use of creep feeding for preweaning piglets is important to improve the performance of the piglets. The objective of this experiment was evaluate the effect of using or altering the position of piglet's creep feeder during lactation on piglet's performance and on behavior of piglets and sows kept in a hot climate environment. Forty-five sows and their litters at 10 days of lactation were randomly distributed into three treatments: front feeder (FF) - near the side of the sow's head; back feeder (BF) - near the side of the rump of the sow; and no feeder (NF). All piglets were weighed individually to evaluate the average weight, weight gain and coefficient of variation of the weight. Behavior assessments of the piglets and sows were recorded in 3 period. At 15 and 21 d, piglets of the FF treatment were heavier (P ≤ 0.0001) than piglets of the other treatments. At 10-21d piglets of FF treatment had 76.2% less belly nosing behavior than the NF piglets (P=0.015). The treatments had no impact on behavior of the sows. The creep feeders positioned in the front of the farrowing crate increased piglet growth rate and decreased frequency of belly nosing behavior.
Subject(s)
Lactation , Weight Gain , Animals , Body Weight , Female , SwineABSTRACT
Bovine Digital Dermatitis (BDD) was studied in crossbred dairy cows grazing in Rondon do Pará, in the state of Pará, as well as in Açailândia and Cidelândia, in the state of Maranhão, Brazilian Amazon biome. The digits inspection from the dairy cows during milking was performed in ten farms comprising four visits (August and November 2016; April and July 2017). The cows were kept all year in pastures, and were mechanically milked on concrete floors and the animals were protected against the rains in eight farms, maintaining a daily cleaning, however, it could not be found a concrete floor in pre- or post-milking to ensure milking parlor on three farms. Manual milking on no concrete floors was performed in two farms. No preventive measures against hoof lesions were adopted. The BDD prevalence was 1.3% (22/1664), and no statistical difference among rainy or no rainy season was obtained (p = 0.72). The BDD lesions were classified according to "M system" (M0 = no lesion, M1 = active ulceration <2cm, M2 = active ulceration >2cm, M3 = healing stage, M4 = chronic stage, M4.1 = M4 with active ulceration). Regarding the 22 BDD lesions observed, 22.7% (5/22) were M1 stage, 36.4% (8/22) M2, 22.7% (5/22) M3, 13.6% (3/22) M4 and 4.5 (1/22) M4.1. Hypertrophic hairs at the edges of the lesions caused by fly larvae of genus Cochliomyia spp. as well as alterations on the hoof were also observed. Topical treatment was performed in six BDD lesions with a raw extract from trees of the genus Copaifera reticulata (Copaiba oil) and compared with the treatment of salicylic acid paste in five BDD lesions. The lesions were protected with a bandage for seven days and followed weekly until recovery. The complete therapeutic responses were 83.4% (5/6) and 75% (3/4), respectively, with an average time of seven weeks. The BDD in the Amazon biome occurs in low prevalence, not seasonal, and presents macro and microscopic features similar to BDD lesions from dairy cattle kept in free-stall housing. The treatment with copaiba oil showed similar results to the treatment of salicylic acid paste and can be used in control measures to BDD in the Amazon biome.(AU)
A dermatite digital bovina (DDB) foi estudada em vacas mestiças leiteiras nos municípios de Rondon do Pará no Pará, Açailândia e Cidelândia no Maranhão, bioma amazônico brasileiro. Para tanto, foram realizadas quatro visitas a 10 propriedades, nos meses de agosto e novembro em 2016 e abril e julho em 2017, e realizada a inspeção dos dígitos de 1.664 vacas em lactação durante a ordenha. Nestas propriedades as vacas eram criadas a pasto durante todo o ano e ordenhadas mecanicamente em oito propriedades. As quais, as salas de ordenha tinham piso concretado, com proteção contra as chuvas e era realizada a limpeza diariamente. No entanto, em três dessas propriedades, as salas de pré ou pós ordenha tinham piso não concretado e em duas, a ordenha era manual em piso de chão batido. Em todas elas não havia medidas profiláticas para afecções podais. A prevalência de DDB foi de 1,3% (22/1.664) e não se obteve diferença estatística entre os períodos chuvoso e não chuvoso (P = 0,72). As lesões observadas foram classificadas de acordo com o sistema M (M0-sem lesão; M1-lesão ulcerada <2cm; M2-lesão ulcerada >2cm; M3-lesão em cicatrização; M4-lesão crônica; M4.1- M4 com área ulcerada). De 22 lesões observadas, 22,7% (5/22) apresentavam-se em estágio M1, 36,4% (8/22) em M2, 22,7% (5/22) em M3, 13,6% (3/22) em M4 e 4,5% (1/22) em M4.1. Pelos hipertrofiados nos bordos das lesões, larvas de moscas do gênero Cochliomyia spp. e alterações no tecido córneo também foram observados. Nas lesões de 11 bovinos, em seis, foi realizado o tratamento tópico com extrato bruto de Copaifera reticulata (óleo de copaíba) e em cinco, com a pasta de ácido salicílico a 660mg/g e ambos os tratamentos foram protegidos com bandagem por sete dias. Após, as lesões foram acompanhadas semanalmente até a cura e obteve-se um índice de 83,4% (5/6) e 75% (3/4) de cura com esses tratamentos, respectivamente, com uma média de 7 semanas. Conclui-se que no bioma amazônico a DDB ocorre em baixa prevalência, não sazonal e com características macroscópicas semelhantes às lesões de vacas leiteiras criadas em sistema free stall. O tratamento com o óleo da copaíba apresentou resultados semelhante ao ácido salicílico e pode ser uma alternativa como medida de controle da DDB no bioma amazônico.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Digital Dermatitis/therapy , Fabaceae , Pasture , Salicylic Acid/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Hyperketonemia in sheep is associated with a disease known as pregnancy toxemia. The purposes of this study were to (1) induce hyperketonemia by infusion with D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB) in eighteen healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes, (2) to evaluate the metabolic pathways in which recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) may be involved, and (3) to evaluate the possible benefits of preventive rbST therapy on the metabolic profiles of the sheep. The sheep were intravenously infused with a D-BHB solution over 2â¯h. Three days prior to the infusion, one group (nâ¯=â¯9) was injected with a single dose of 160â¯mg rbST, and the other group (nâ¯=â¯9) was injected with saline as a control. Blood samples were collected and metabolic profiles were analyzed every 20â¯min during the infusion and at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240â¯min post-infusion. Hyperketonemia was successfully achieved, demonstrated by serum BHB concentrations of 3.9 and 3.0â¯mmol/L in the rbST and control groups, respectively, without the presence of clinical signs. An increase in peripheral insulin resistance was observed after infusion but not during the infusion, in the rbST group. Higher glucose concentrations were observed in the rbST group post-infusion, suggesting a positive impact of D-BHB on gluconeogenesis. Our data suggest that prophylactic treatment with rbST may be useful in sheep to reduce the risk of PT.
Subject(s)
Growth Hormone/administration & dosage , Ketosis/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/metabolism , Sheep/metabolism , 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/toxicity , Animals , Cattle , Female , Insulin/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Ketosis/metabolism , Recombinant ProteinsABSTRACT
Important physiological adaptations occur in the periparturient period; their failure predispose the ewe to metabolic diseases. Knowledge of normal changes makes an early recognition and treatment of mal functions possible and enables prevention of diseases and losses. The biochemical profile of Santa Ines ewes from the 88th day of gestation until 28 days after parturition was evaluated and compared to non pregnant controls. The ewes were divided in groups according to the number of fetuses: G0, non pregnant (10); G1, one (10); G2, two and three fetuses (14). All animals had their heart and respiratory rates as well as their ruminal motility recorded. Serum and plasma was analyzed for the following parameters: glucose, non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxibutyrate (BHB), T3, T4, insulin, glucagon and cortisol activities. Results showed changes in biochemical variables of energy and protein profile during pregnancy and parturition. During the last third of gestation, all ewes showed slightly increased NEFA, T3 and T4 levels when compared to non pregnant ewes. At lambing pregnant ewes, had higher glucose, NEFA and T3 levels. No significant differences on measured parameters comparing simple and multiple gestations were observed. Therefore, when there is adequate adaptation in this period of high metabolic challenge, biochemical parameters considered here are independent of the number of fetuses gestate and can be considered as reference values for a pregnant ewes from the middle third of gestation to first month postnatal period.
No período periparto ocorrem importantes adequações fisiológicas que, se não forem efetivas predispõem a fêmea a enfermidades metabólicas. O conhecimento desta adaptação é relevante para que sejam implementadas, precocemente, medidas preventivas a poupar perdas produtivas. Com este objetivo foi avaliado o perfil energético e hormonal de ovelhas Santa Inês durante a gestação e puerpério. Foram utilizadas 10 ovelhas não gestantes (G0), 10 gestantes de um (G1) e 14 gestantes de dois e três fetos (G2). Foram avaliadas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), betahidroxibutirato (BHB), e as concentrações séricas de insulina, glucagon, cortisol, triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4) a partir do 88º dia de gestação até o 28º dia pós-parto. No terço final de gestação, ovelhas gestantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de AGNE, T3 e T4 que as ovelhas não gestantes. No momento do parto foram observadas maiores concentrações de glicose, AGNE e T3 para todas as ovelhas gestantes em relação às não gestantes. Não houve diferença entre as ovelhas gestantes de um, dois ou três fetos. As diferenças observadas ocorreram apenas entre ovelhas gestantes e as vazias. Portanto, quando há adequada adaptação neste período de elevado desafio metabólico, os parâmetros bioquímicos aqui considerados independem do número de fetos gestados e podem ser considerados como valores de referência para ovelhas gestantes de um feto ou mais fetos do terço médio de gestação ao primeiro mês pós-parto.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Energy-Generating Resources/analysis , Hormones/analysis , Sheep/growth & development , Sheep/physiologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to establish normal reference electrocardiographic (ECG) values for standard limb lead II in Saanen goats. For this, were used 19 healthy adult female Saanen goats. And for reference values for the ECG parameters, were used 95% confidence level. The overall P, Q, R, S and T durations (seconds) were 0.03±0.01, 0.02±0.005, 0.03±0.014, 0.03±0.011, 0.06±0.014 respectively, and the reference values were 0.01-0.04, 0.01-0.02, 0.01-0.06, 0.02-0.04 and 0.04-0.08 respectively. The amplitudes (milivolts) of these waveforms were 0.1±0.031, 0.06±0.023, 0.44±0.312, 0.39±0.434, 0.26±0.164 (T negative) and 0.15±0.071 (T positive), respectively. The reference values were 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.1, 0.05-1.2, 0.05-1.1 and -0.2-0.7 respectively. The PR and QT interval, the QRS complex and the ST segment durations (seconds) were 0.08±0.018, 0.26±0.03, 0.05±0.008, 0.15±0.041 respectively. The reference values were 0.06-0.12, 0.2-0.32, 0.04-0.07 and 0.11-0.26, respectively. It was possible to observe differences in ECG of Saanen goats regarding the amplitude and duration of the constituents when compared to the results of other breeds. Therefore it is necessary to conduct further studies to allow comparisons, detect and diagnose cardiac arrhythmias and help the development of therapies.
O objetivo deste estudo foi de estabelecer os valores de referência para o eletrocardiograma normal de derivação II de cabras Saanen sadias. As durações totais (segundos) das amplitudes de P, Q, R, S e T foram 0.03±0.01, 0.02±0.005, 0.03±0.014, 0.03±0.011, 0.06±0.014, respectivamente, e os valores de referência foram 0.01-0.04, 0.01-0.02, 0.01-0.06, 0.02-0.04 e 0.04-0.08, respectivamente. As amplitudes (milivolts) dessas formas de onda foram 0.1±0.031, 0.06±0.023, 0.44±0.312, 0.39±0.434, 0.26±0.164 (T negativo) e 0.15±0.071 (T positivo), respectivamente. Os valores de referência foram 0.05-0.15, 0.05-0.1, 0.05-1.2, 0.05-1.1 e -0.2-0.7, respectivamente. As durações (segundos) dos intervalos PR e QT, do complexo QRS e do segmento ST foram 0.08±0.018, 0.26±0.03, 0.05±0.008, 0.15±0.041, respectivamente. Os valores de referência foram 0.06-0.12, 0.2-0.32, 0.04-0.07, e 0.11-0.26, respectivamente. Foi possível observar diferenças em relação à duração e amplitude dos constituintes do ECG quando comparados com os resultados de outras raças. Portanto, torna-se necessário a realização de mais estudos para se permitir comparações, detectar e diagnosticar arritmias cardíacas bem como auxiliar no desenvolvimento de terapias.