Cross-Talk between Iron Deficiency Response and Defense Establishment in Plants.

Plants are at risk of attack by various pathogenic organisms. During pathogenesis, microorganisms produce molecules with conserved structures that are recognized by plants that then initiate a defense response. Plants also experience iron deficiency. To address problems caused by iron deficiency, plants use two strategies focused on iron absorption from the rhizosphere. Strategy I is based on rhizosphere acidification and iron reduction, whereas Strategy II is based on iron chelation. Pathogenic defense and iron uptake are not isolated phenomena: the antimicrobial phenols are produced by the plant during defense, chelate and solubilize iron; therefore, the production and secretion of these molecules also increase in response to iron deficiency. In contrast, phytohormone jasmonic acid and salicylic acid that induce pathogen-resistant genes also modulate the expression of genes related to iron uptake. Iron deficiency also induces the expression of defense-related genes. Therefore, in the present review, we address the cross-talk that exists between the defense mechanisms of both Systemic Resistance and Systemic Acquired Resistance pathways and the response to iron deficiency in plants, with particular emphasis on the regulation genetic expression.

Bacterial Compound N,N-Dimethylhexadecylamine Modulates Expression of Iron Deficiency and Defense Response Genes in Medicago truncatula Independently of the Jasmonic Acid Pathway.

Plants face a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses including attack by microbial phytopathogens and nutrient deficiencies. Some bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) activate defense and iron-deficiency responses in plants. To establish a relationship between defense and iron deficiency through VOCs, we identified key genes in the defense and iron-deprivation responses of the legume model Medicago truncatula and evaluated the effect of the rhizobacterial VOC N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA) on the gene expression in these pathways by RT-qPCR. DMHDA increased M. truncatula growth 1.5-fold under both iron-sufficient and iron-deficient conditions compared with untreated plants, whereas salicylic acid and jasmonic acid decreased growth. Iron-deficiency induced iron uptake and defense gene expression. Moreover, the effect was greater in combination with DMHDA. Salicylic acid, Pseudomonas syringae, jasmonic acid, and Botrytis cinerea had inhibitory effects on growth and iron response gene expression but activated defense genes. Taken together, our results showed that the VOC DMHDA activates defense and iron-deprivation pathways while inducing a growth promoting effect unlike conventional phytohormones, highlighting that DMHDA does not mimic jasmonic acid but induces an alternative pathway. This is a novel aspect in the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses.

The volatile organic compound dimethylhexadecylamine affects bacterial growth and swarming motility of bacteria.

Bacteria have developed different intra- and inter-specific communication mechanisms that involve the production, release, and detection of signaling molecules, because these molecules serve as the autoinducers involved in "quorum sensing" systems. Other communication mechanisms employ volatile signaling molecules that regulate different bacterial processes. The Arthrobacter agilis strain UMCV2 is a plant growth promoting actinobacterium, which induces plant growth and inhibits phytopathogenic fungi by emitting the dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA). However, little is known about the effect of this volatile compound on A. agilis UMCV2 itself, as well as on other bacteria. By exposing A. agilis UMCV2 and bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Pseudomonas to different concentrations of DMHDA, this study showed the dose-dependent effects of DMHDA on A. agilis UMCV2 growth, cellular viability, swarming motility, and expression of marker genes of the flagellar apparatus of bacteria. DMHDA was found to also modulate swarming motility of Bacillus sp. ZAP018 and P. fluorescens UM270, but not that of P. aeruginosa PA01. These data indicate that DMHDA is involved in both intra- and inter-specific bacterial interaction.