Why do mothers mix milk feed their infants? Results from a systematic review.

CONTEXT: Combining or supplementing breastfeeding with formula feeding, also called mixed milk feeding (MMF), is a common infant feeding practice. However, there is no well-established MMF evidence-base for informing and guiding parents. A better understanding of the reasons why mothers practice MMF may facilitate identification of efficient strategies for supporting exclusive breastfeeding, and/or opportunities to prolong breastfeeding, at least partially. OBJECTIVE: An updated systematic literature review was undertaken with the primary aim of gaining a deeper understanding of the reasons why mothers choose MMF. DATA SOURCES: Six databases were searched for relevant articles published in English from January 2012 to January 2022. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently performed the screenings and data extraction, and any differences were resolved by a third reviewer. Data from 138 articles were included, 90 of which contained data on MMF reasons/drivers, and 60 contained data on infant age and/or maternal demographic factors associated with MMF. DATA ANALYSIS: A total of 13 different unique MMF drivers/reasons were identified and categorized according to whether the drivers/reasons related to perceived choice, necessity, or pressure. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool of Diverse Studies and the JBI Systematic Reviews tool. Several different terms were used to describe and classify MMF across the studies. The most commonly reported reasons for MMF were related to a perception of necessity (39% of drivers, eg, concerns about infant's hunger/perceived breast milk insufficiency or breastfeeding difficulties), followed by drivers associated with perceived choice (34%; eg, having more flexibility) and perceived pressure (25%; eg, returning to work or healthcare professionals' advice). This was particularly true for infants aged 3 months or younger. CONCLUSION: The key global drivers for MMF and their distribution across infant age and regions were identified and described, providing opportunities for the provision of optimal breastfeeding support. A unified definition of MMF is needed in order to enable more comparable and standardized research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022304253.

Viability Study on the Use of Three Different Gels for 3D Food Printing.

Three-dimensional food printing is one of the modern techniques for food customization. The difficulty of this technique lies in the formulation of new matrices. These new formulations must have good extrusion characteristics and, at the same time, maintain the structure once printed. These qualities are related to textural and rheological properties. Printability studies are those whose objective is to know the above properties. Some authors have correlated printability with rheological and physicochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to characterize three gels to test prediction models and to determine the most important rheological and textural parameters (G', G″, Tanδ, maxF, average) in printability. The formulations studied were bovine gelatin (4%) with kappa-carrageenan (0.5%) (Gb + K), porcine gelatin (5%) plus iota-carrageenan (2%) (Gp + I), and methylcellulose (4%) (MC). The samples were characterized by an oscillatory test for the rheological properties and an extrusion test for the textural properties. In addition, the density was obtained to apply the predictive models and correlate the rheological and textural parameters to determine their influence. Gp + I and Gb + K showed higher values of maximum force in the extrusion test than MC, but MC had less deviation in the mean force during the test. All the samples showed a predominantly elastic behavior and damping factor (Tanδ) between 0.14 (Gb + K) and 0.37 (MC). It was observed that the tangent of the phase angle (Tanδ) had a large positive influence on the maximum and average force studied in the extrusion tests. The sample results did not match 100% with the predictions made from the models. It was possible to print samples that were higher in height without obtaining deformations over time of more than 5%. Further work is needed to optimize models and parameters for more accurate prediction.

Fiber Enrichment of 3D Printed Apricot Gel Snacks with Orange By-Products.

Concern about food waste has become a major global concern. The waste generated by the agri-food industry poses an environmental challenge. However, the development of 3D printing technology offers an opportunity to address this problem. By incorporating food waste into inks, it can create personalized food tailored to individual needs. The aim of this study is the valorization of orange by-products (OBP) in 3D printed gels to obtain a final product in the form of a fiber-enriched snack. Gelatin gels were printed with different concentrations of apricot pulp (30, 50, and 70%) and OBP was added. These gels were subjected to a freeze-drying process. The rheology of the gels before and after printing, the printing precision, and the post-treatment of the freeze-dried product, including color, shear force, and the presence of bioactive compounds, were evaluated. The addition of OBP resulted in an increase in the elasticity (997-1242u) of the samples and improved the printability of them. However, an increase in the hardness (173-184u) was observed in the freeze-dried samples. The use of OBP not only improves the printability of the gels but also enables obtaining fiber-enriched snacks, which could contribute to the reduction in food waste and the promotion of healthy and sustainable food.

Impact of Apricot Pulp Concentration on Cylindrical Gel 3D Printing.

The process of 3D food printing is a rapidly growing field that involves the use of specialized 3D printers to produce food items with complex shapes and textures. This technology allows the creation of customized, nutritionally balanced meals on demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of apricot pulp content on printability. Additionally, the degradation of bioactive compounds of gels before and after printing was evaluated to analyze the effect of the process. For this proposal, physicochemical properties, extrudability, rheology, image analysis, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), and bioactive compounds content were evaluated. The rheological parameters lead to higher mechanical strength and, thus, a decrease in elastic behavior before and after 3D printing as the pulp content increases. An increase in strength was observed when the pulp content increased; thus, sample gels with 70% apricot pulp were more rigid and presented better buildability (were more stable in their dimensions). On the other hand, a significant (p < 0.05) degradation of total carotenoid content after printing was observed in all samples. From the results obtained, it can be said that the gel with 70% apricot pulp food ink was the best sample in terms of printability and stability.

Synaptic resilience is associated with maintained cognition during ageing.

INTRODUCTION: It remains unclear why age increases risk of Alzheimer's disease and why some people experience age-related cognitive decline in the absence of dementia. Here we test the hypothesis that resilience to molecular changes in synapses contribute to healthy cognitive ageing. METHODS: We examined post-mortem brain tissue from people in mid-life (n = 15), healthy ageing with either maintained cognition (n = 9) or lifetime cognitive decline (n = 8), and Alzheimer's disease (n = 13). Synapses were examined with high resolution imaging, proteomics, and RNA sequencing. Stem cell-derived neurons were challenged with Alzheimer's brain homogenate. RESULTS: Synaptic pathology increased, and expression of genes involved in synaptic signaling decreased between mid-life, healthy ageing and Alzheimer's. In contrast, brain tissue and neurons from people with maintained cognition during ageing exhibited decreases in synaptic signaling genes compared to people with cognitive decline. DISCUSSION: Efficient synaptic networks without pathological protein accumulation may contribute to maintained cognition during ageing.

Bronchoscopist's perception of the quality of the single-use bronchoscope (Ambu aScope4™) in selected bronchoscopies: a multicenter study in 21 Spanish pulmonology services.

BACKGROUND: The disposable bronchoscope is an excellent alternative to face the problem of SARS-CoV-2 and other cross infections, but the bronchoscopist's perception of its quality has not been evaluated. METHODS: To evaluate the quality of the Ambu-aScope4 disposable bronchoscope, we carried out a cross-sectional study in 21 Spanish pulmonology services. We use a standardized questionnaire completed by the bronchoscopists at the end of each bronchoscopy. The variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion depending on their nature. The existence of learning curves was evaluated by CUSUM analysis. RESULTS: The most frequent indications in 300 included bronchoscopies was bronchial aspiration in 69.3% and the median duration of these was 9.1 min. The route of entry was nasal in 47.2% and oral in 34.1%. The average score for ease of use, image, and aspiration quality was 80/100. All the planned techniques were performed in 94.9% and the bronchoscopist was satisfied in 96.6% of the bronchoscopies. They highlighted the portability and immediacy of the aScope4TM to start the procedure in 99.3%, the possibility of taking and storing images in 99.3%. The CUSUM analysis showed average scores > 70/100 from the first procedure and from the 9th procedure more than 80% of the scores exceeded the 80/100 score. CONCLUSIONS: The aScope4™ scored well for ease of use, imaging, and aspiration. We found a learning curve with excellent scores from the 9th procedure. Bronchoscopists highlighted its portability, immediacy of use and the possibility of taking and storing images.

Mixed milk feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence and drivers.

CONTEXT: Extensive literature is available on exclusive breastfeeding and formula-feeding practices and health effects. In contrast, limited and unstructured literature exists on mixed milk feeding (MMF), here defined as the combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding during the same period in term infants > 72 hours old (inclusion criterion). OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, on the global prevalence of MMF (primary outcome) and related drivers and practices (secondary outcomes). DATA SOURCES: The search of MMF in generally healthy populations was conducted across 6 databases, restricted to publications from January 2000 to August 2018 in English, Spanish, French, and Mandarin. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently performed screenings and data extraction according to a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. DATA ANALYSIS: Of the 2931 abstracts identified, 151 full-text publications were included for data extraction and 96 of those were included for data synthesis (the majority of those were cross-sectional and cohort studies). The authors summarized data across 5 different categories (feeding intention prenatally, and 4 age intervals between > 72 hours and > 6-23 months) and 5 regional subgroups. The overall prevalence of MMF across different age intervals and regions varied between 23% and 32%; the highest rate was found for the age group 4-6 months (32%; 95% confidence interval, 27%-38%); regional comparisons indicated highest MMF rates in Asia (34%), North and South America (33%), and Middle East and Africa together (36%), using a random effects meta-analysis model for proportions. Some drivers and practices for MMF were identified. CONCLUSION: MMF is a widespread feeding reality. A shared and aligned definition of MMF will help shed light on this feeding practice and evaluate its influence on the duration of total breastfeeding, as well as on infants' nutrition status, growth, development, and health status in the short and long terms. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018105337.

Evaluación del aprendizaje en odontología: incidencia de las concepciones y creencias de los docentes / Learning assessment in dentistry: incidence of teacher's conceptions and beliefs

Objetivo: identificar concepciones y creencias de los docentes con respecto a la eva-luación del aprendizaje dentro de espacios formativos clínicos en la Facultad de Odon-tología de la Universidad del Zulia. Métodos: aplicación del enfoque cualitativo, funda-mentado en la fenomenología descriptiva. Uso de la técnica de frases incompletas en una muestra censal de 56 docentes. Se consideraron dos dimensiones: evaluación que realiza el docente y funciones de la evaluación. Las respuestas fueron codificadas y ca-tegorizadas según su relevancia y recurrencia, asignándoles un nombre que las reuniera y capturara su esencia. Cada categoría se asoció con códigos para ilustrar su repetición en las frases y reconstruir las concepciones implícitas de los docentes. Resultados: la evaluación que realiza el docente puede ser integral, dialógica, formativa, aparente y técnica. Se identificaron las siguientes funciones de la evaluación: comprobatoria, reflexiva, sinérgica, retroalimentadora, valorativa e integradora. Conclusiones: han sido identificadas concepciones y creencias del docente referentes a la evaluación del aprendizaje en ambientes clínicos que aportan una amplia visión en torno a este proceso elemental de la práctica educativa. Las mismas constituyen un gran avance al develar representaciones mentales convertidas en acción, que inciden positivamente en la comprensión, análisis e interpretación del hecho evaluativo. Aquí no se pretende agotar el estudio sobre la evaluación del aprendizaje, sino animar a que se inicien nue-vas investigaciones como mecanismos para descubrir otras concepciones y patrones de relación. Esto como un intento de aproximación hacia la consecución de un nuevo sistema de evaluación.

Objective: To identify the teachers' conceptions and beliefs regarding learning assessment within clinical training spaces of the Dentistry Faculty at the University of Zulia. Methods: The qualitative approach was applied, based on descriptive phenomenology. The incomplete sentences technique was used in a census sample of 56 teachers. Two dimensions were considered: assessment carried out by the teacher and assessment functions. The responses were coded and categorized according to their relevance and recurrence, assigning them a unifying name to capture their essence. Each category was associated with the codes to illustrate their repetition in the sentences and to reconstruct the teachers' implicit conceptions. Results: The assessment carried out by the teacher can be: comprehensive, dialogical, formative, apparent and technical. The following assessment functions were identified: evidential, reflective, synergistic, feedback, evaluative and integrative. Conclusions:Teachers' conceptions and beliefs on learning assessment within clinical spaces have been identified, providing a broad vision of what happens around this fundamental process of educational practice. They constitute a great advance when unveiling mental representations converted into action, positively influencing the understanding, analysis and interpretation of the assessment fact. It is not intended here to exhaust the study on learning assessment, but rather to encourage new researches to be initiated as a mechanism for discovering other conceptions and relationship patterns, this as an attempt to approach towards the achievement of a new assessment system.

Manejo perioperatorio y periprocedimiento del tratamiento antitrombótico: documento de consenso de SEC, SEDAR, SEACV, SECTCV, AEC, SECPRE, SEPD, SEGO, SEHH, SETH, SEMERGEN, SEMFYC, SEMG, SEMICYUC, SEMI, SEMES, SEPAR, SENEC, SEO, SEPA, SERVEI, SECOT y AEU / Perioperative and periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy: consensus document of SEC, SEDAR, SEACV, SECTCV, AEC, SECPRE, SEPD, SEGO, SEHH, SETH, SEMERGEN, SEMFYC, SEMG, SEMICYUC, SEMI, SEMES, SEPAR, SENEC, SEO, SEPA, SERVEI, SECOT and AEU

En los últimos años, el número de pacientes anticoagulados y antiagregados está aumentando significativamente. Al ser un tratamiento crónico, es de esperar que a lo largo de su vida necesiten un procedimiento quirúrgico o intervencionista que pueda requerir la interrupción del fármaco antitrombótico. La decisión de retirar o mantener dicho tratamiento estará determinada, por un lado, por el riesgo trombótico y, por otro, por el hemorrágico. De la interacción entre estos 2 factores dependerá la actitud ante la anticoagulación y la antiagregación. El objetivo de este documento de consenso, coordinado desde el Grupo de Trabajo de Trombosis Cardiovascular de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología y certificado por un amplio número de sociedades científicas que participan en el proceso asistencial del paciente durante el periodo perioperatorio o periprocedimiento, consiste en proponer una serie de recomendaciones prácticas y sencillas con el fin de homogeneizar la práctica clínica diaria

During the last few years, the number of patients receiving anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy has increased worldwide. Since this is a chronic treatment, patients receiving it can be expected to need some kind of surgery or intervention during their lifetime that may require treatment discontinuation. The decision to withdraw antithrombotic therapy depends on the patient's thrombotic risk versus hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of both factors will show the precise management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in these scenarios. The aim of this consensus document, coordinated by the Cardiovascular Thrombosis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, and endorsed by most of the Spanish scientific societies of clinical specialities that may play a role in the patient-health care process during the perioperative or periprocedural period, is to recommend some simple and practical guidelines with a view to homogenizing daily clinical practice

Perioperative and Periprocedural Management of Antithrombotic Therapy: Consensus Document of SEC, SEDAR, SEACV, SECTCV, AEC, SECPRE, SEPD, SEGO, SEHH, SETH, SEMERGEN, SEMFYC, SEMG, SEMICYUC, SEMI, SEMES, SEPAR, SENEC, SEO, SEPA, SERVEI, SECOT and AEU.

During the last few years, the number of patients receiving anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy has increased worldwide. Since this is a chronic treatment, patients receiving it can be expected to need some kind of surgery or intervention during their lifetime that may require treatment discontinuation. The decision to withdraw antithrombotic therapy depends on the patient's thrombotic risk versus hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of both factors will show the precise management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in these scenarios. The aim of this consensus document, coordinated by the Cardiovascular Thrombosis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, and endorsed by most of the Spanish scientific societies of clinical specialities that may play a role in the patient-health care process during the perioperative or periprocedural period, is to recommend some simple and practical guidelines with a view to homogenizing daily clinical practice.

A Brief Overview of English Primary Care in the Last Half Century. / Breve visión de los principales protagonistas de la Escuela Inglesa de Atención Primaria durante el último medio siglo.

Key hefts, the hard core of clinical profile, scientific nursing and nowadays of the English School of Primary Care in the last sixty years are revisited. We understand that the most profound intellectual influence has been to Archie Cochrane, among family physicians hard core components we include John Fry (1922-1994), David Metcalfe and Julian Tudor Hart. On the other hand, Lisbeth Hockey (1918-2004), PhD in Nursing, was responsible for several years of Nursing Research Unit at the University of Edinburgh. The internet sources of English nursing historical research are very noticeable. Finally, Trisha Greenhalgh, family physician, researcher and Professor at the University of Oxford, is launching the old English School of Primary Care towards the middle of the XXI century.

Breve visión de los principales protagonistas de la Escuela Inglesa de Atención Primaria durante el último medio siglo / A brief overview of English Primary Care in the last half century

El objetivo es hacer un breve repaso de las influencias, el núcleo duro de perfil clínico, la enfermería científica y el presente de la Escuela Inglesa de Atención Primaria durante los últimos sesenta años. Entendemos que la influencia intelectual más profunda fue la de Archie Cochrane. Entre los médicos de familia componentes del núcleo duro destacamos a John Fry (1922- 1994), David Metcalfe y Julian Tudor Hart. Por otra parte, Lisbeth Hockey (1918-2004), doctora en enfermería, fue la responsable durante varios años de la Unidad de Investigación en Cuidados de la Universidad de Edimburgo. Las fuentes de investigación historiográfica de la enfermería inglesa en internet son notables. Finalmente, Trisha Greenhalgh, médica de familia, investigadora y docente en la Universidad de Oxford, está lanzando a la vieja Escuela Inglesa de Atención Primaria hacia la mediana del siglo XXI (AU)

Key hefts, the hard core of clinical profile, scientific nursing and nowadays of the English School of Primary Care in the last sixty years are revisited. We understand that the most profound intellectual influence has been to Archie Cochrane, among family physicians hard core components we include John Fry (1922-1994), David Metcalfe and Julian Tudor Hart. On the other hand, Lisbeth Hockey (1918-2004), PhD in Nursing, was responsible for several years of Nursing Research Unit at the University of Edinburgh. The internet sources of English nursing historical research are very noticeable. Finally, Trisha Greenhalgh, family physician, researcher and Professor at the University of Oxford, is launching the old English School of Primary Care towards the middle of the XXI century (AU)

Eyelashes divert airflow to protect the eye.

Eyelashes are ubiquitous, although their function has long remained a mystery. In this study, we elucidate the aerodynamic benefits of eyelashes. Through anatomical measurements, we find that 22 species of mammals possess eyelashes of a length one-third the eye width. Wind tunnel experiments confirm that this optimal eyelash length reduces both deposition of airborne particles and evaporation of the tear film by a factor of two. Using scaling theory, we find this optimum arises because of the incoming flow's interactions with both the eye and eyelashes. Short eyelashes create a stagnation zone above the ocular surface that thickens the boundary layer, causing shear stress to decrease with increasing eyelash length. Long eyelashes channel flow towards the ocular surface, causing shear stress to increase with increasing eyelash length. These competing effects result in a minimum shear stress for intermediate eyelash lengths. This design may be employed in creating eyelash-inspired protection for optical sensors.

Genetic variants of the MBL2 gene are associated with mortality in pneumococcal sepsis.

Studies evaluating associations between polymorphisms of innate immunity genes and prognosis of infectious diseases have yielded conflicting results. Our aim was to assess the impact on mortality of different genotypic variants of the innate immunity in patients with pneumococcal sepsis. All adults admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae were enrolled and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2), toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and Fcγ receptor IIa genes were genotyped. Underlying diseases, severity of illness, and antibiotic management were also recorded. We included 117 patients: 98 pneumonias (83.6%), 17 meningitis (14.5%), and 2 patients (1.9%) with primary pneumococcal bacteremia. Allelic variants of the MBL2 gene (individuals heterozygous or homozygous for one of the 3 allelic variants B, C, and D: AO/OO) were present in 37 patients (32%), T399I polymorphism in TLR4 in 19 (16.2%), TLR4 D299G/T399I in 11 (9.4%), TLR2 R753Q in 3 (2.5%), and FcγRIIa-R/R131 in 26 patients (23%). Factors associated independently with in-hospital mortality were SNP MBL2 AO/OO (adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-9.8) and septic shock (aHR 15.3, 95% CI 3.5-36.5), whereas first adequate antibiotic dose ≤ 4 h was a protective factor (aHR 0.2, 95% CI 0.06-0.8). SNP MBL2 AO/OO (aHR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-8.1) remained as a variable independently associated with 90-day mortality. In conclusion, variant alleles in the MBL2 gene are independently associated with in-hospital and medium-term mortalities in patients admitted to the hospital with pneumococcal sepsis.

Generalización en el manejo del dinero mediante un entrenamiento en relaciones de equivalencia / Generalization of money-handling though training in equivalence relationships

El procedimiento de igualación a la muestra y el aprendizaje por equivalencias se ha utilizado en múltiples tareas educativas y de lenguaje. En este estudio se presenta una aplicación de las relaciones de equivalencia en el manejo del dinero con varios tipos de monedas de euro. Han participado 16 niños en total (8 en Grupo Experimental y 8 en grupo control) de 5 años de edad. Se realizaron evaluaciones pre y post en ambos grupos de las conductas prerrequisitas, la identificación y el manejo de las diferentes monedas de euro. El Grupo Experimental realizó un entrenamiento en una tarea de equivalencias con igualación a la muestra con fotos de monedas de euro equivalentes entre sí; y el grupo control no realizó tal entrenamiento. Los resultados mostraron una equivalencia con gran variabilidad en los niños del Grupo Experimental. Sin embargo, en este grupo se produjo un cambio mayor estadísticamente significativo, y una generalización más elevada tanto en la identificación como en el manejo de monedas de euro. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas y las características del procedimiento aquí utilizado para conseguir las equivalencias (AU)

This research used a matching-to-sample procedure and equivalence learning process with language and verbal tasks. In the study, an application of the equivalence relationship of money was used with several kinds of euro coins presented. The sample consisted of 16 children (8 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group) aged 5 years. The prerequisite behaviors, the identification of coins and the practical use of different euro coins, were assessed in the pre and post phases for both groups. The children in the experimental group performed an equivalence task using the matching-to-sample procedure. This consisted of a stimulus sample and four matching stimuli, using a series of euro coins with equivalent value in each set. The children in the control group did not undergo this training process. The results showed a large variability in the children’s data of the equivalence tests. The experimental group showed the greatest pre and post changes in the statistically significant data. They also showed a greater generalization in the identification of money and in the use of euro coins than the control group. The implications for educational training and the characteristics of the procedure used here for coin equivalence are discussed (AU)

[Generalization of money-handling though training in equivalence relationships]. / Generalización en el manejo del dinero mediante un entrenamiento en relaciones de equivalencia.

This research used a matching-to-sample procedure and equivalence learning process with language and verbal tasks. In the study, an application of the equivalence relationship of money was used with several kinds of euro coins presented. The sample consisted of 16 children (8 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group) aged 5 years. The prerequisite behaviors, the identification of coins and the practical use of different euro coins, were assessed in the pre and post phases for both groups. The children in the experimental group performed an equivalence task using the matching-to-sample procedure. This consisted of a stimulus sample and four matching stimuli, using a series of euro coins with equivalent value in each set. The children in the control group did not undergo this training process. The results showed a large variability in the children's data of the equivalence tests. The experimental group showed the greatest pre and post changes in the statistically significant data. They also showed a greater generalization in the identification of money and in the use of euro coins than the control group. The implications for educational training and the characteristics of the procedure used here for coin equivalence are discussed.

Carcinoide bronquial y síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples TIPO 1. Aportación de un caso / Bronchial Carcinoid and Type 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome. A case report

Los tumores carcinoides de origen bronquial son raros en el síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples tipo 1 (MEN1). La prevalencia de casos con confirmación histológica es aproximadamente del 5%–8%, aunque en estudios más recientes se estima que podría ser más alta y, en ellos, se contempla una posible relación con la presencia de hipergastrinemía. Aportamos una paciente con síndrome de MEN1, sin síntomas respiratorios, con hipergastrinémia, y que en una tomografía computarizada se detectó un nódulo de 5mm de diámetro en la pared del bronquio principal izquierdo. La biopsia bronquial confirmó que se trataba de un carcinoide bronquial típico y el Octeoscran® mostró un único foco de hipercaptación coincidente con esta lesión. Se realizó una broncotomía con extirpación de 3 anillos bronquiales, que también demostró que se trataba de un carcinoide típico(AU)

Carcinoid tumours of bronchial origin are rare in type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) syndrome. The prevalence of histologically confirmed cases is approximately 5–8%, although in more recent studies it is estimated that it could be much higher and a possible relationship with the presence of hypergastrinaemia is suggested. We report a patient with a type 1 MEN syndrome, with no respiratory symptoms, with hypergastrinaemia, and in whom a 5mm diameter nodule was detected in the wall of the left main bronchus by computed tomography. The bronchial biopsy confirmed that it was a typical bronchial carcinoid and the octreoscan showed a single focus of high uptake coinciding with this lesion. A bronchoplastic (sleeve) was performed with extirpation of 3 bronchial rings, which also demonstrated that it was a typical carcinoid(AU)

[Bronchial carcinoid and type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. A case report]. / Carcinoide bronquial y síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples TIPO 1. Aportación de un caso.

Carcinoid tumours of bronchial origin are rare in type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) syndrome. The prevalence of histologically confirmed cases is approximately 5-8%, although in more recent studies it is estimated that it could be much higher and a possible relationship with the presence of hypergastrinaemia is suggested. We report a patient with a type 1 MEN syndrome, with no respiratory symptoms, with hypergastrinaemia, and in whom a 5mm diameter nodule was detected in the wall of the left main bronchus by computed tomography. The bronchial biopsy confirmed that it was a typical bronchial carcinoid and the octreoscan showed a single focus of high uptake coinciding with this lesion. A bronchoplastic (sleeve) was performed with extirpation of 3 bronchial rings, which also demonstrated that it was a typical carcinoid.

Tratamiento endoscópico de metástasis en bronquios principales de sarcoma: aportación de 2 casos / Endoscopic treatment of metastasis in the main bronchi from sarcoma: a report of 2 cases

El leiomiosarcoma es un tumor que puede localizarse en tejidos blandos o en órganos. El tratamiento consiste en la resección quirúrgica completa del tumor. El pronóstico es difícil de predecir y después de un largo período sin enfermedad pueden aparecer metástasis a distancia. Las metástasis pulmonares son frecuentes, pero su localización en bronquios principales con atelectasia pulmonar es muy rara. Presentamos 2 casos de atelectasia pulmonar y neumonitis obstructiva secundaria a metástasis en bronquios principales de un leiomiosarcoma de útero y de un leiomiosarcoma de muslo, respectivamente, que tratamos con resección endoscópica. Analizamos el papel del tratamiento endoscópico con láser para paliar los síntomas y como ayuda previa a la realización de otro tipo de tratamiento oncológico(AU)

Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer that can affect the soft tissues or organs. The standard treatment is complete tumor resection. Prognosis is difficult to predict and distant metastases can occur after a long disease-free period. Lung metastases are common but metastasis to the main bronchi with pulmonary atelectasis is very rare. We describe 2 cases of pulmonary atelectasis and obstructive pneumonitis due to metastasis to the main bronchi from leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in one of the patients and leiomyosarcoma of the thigh in the other. Both patients were treated with endoscopic resection. We discuss the role of endoscopic laser treatment in the palliation of symptoms and as an initial procedure before other cancer treatments are started(AU)

[Endoscopic treatment of metastasis in the main bronchi from sarcoma: a report of 2 cases]. / Tratamiento endoscópico de metástasis en bronquios principales de sarcoma: aportación de 2 casos.

Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer that can affect the soft tissues or organs. The standard treatment is complete tumor resection. Prognosis is difficult to predict and distant metastases can occur after a long disease-free period. Lung metastases are common but metastasis to the main bronchi with pulmonary atelectasis is very rare. We describe 2 cases of pulmonary atelectasis and obstructive pneumonitis due to metastasis to the main bronchi from leiomyosarcoma of the uterus in one of the patients and leiomyosarcoma of the thigh in the other. Both patients were treated with endoscopic resection. We discuss the role of endoscopic laser treatment in the palliation of symptoms and as an initial procedure before other cancer treatments are started.