Use of nursing care bundles for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in low-middle income countries: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant concern in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of hospital-acquired infections is high, and resources are low. Evidence-based guidelines exist for preventing VAP; however, these guidelines may not be adequately utilized in intensive care units of LMICs. AIM: This scoping review examined the literature regarding the use of nursing care bundles for VAP prevention in LMICs, to understand the knowledge, practice and compliance of nurses to these guidelines, as well as the barriers preventing the implementation of these guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: The review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five-stage framework and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines guided reporting. Searches were performed across six databases: CINAHL, Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus and Cochrane, resulting in 401 studies. RESULTS: After screening all studies against the eligibility criteria, 21 studies were included in the data extraction stage of the review. Across the studies, the knowledge and compliance of nurses regarding VAP prevention were reported as low to moderate. Several factors, ranging from insufficient knowledge to a lack of adequate guidelines for VAP management, served as contributing factors. Multiple barriers prevented nurses from adhering to VAP guidelines effectively, including a lack of audit/surveillance, absence of infection prevention and control (IPC) teams and inadequate training opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the need for adequate quality improvement procedures and more efforts to conduct and translate research into practice in intensive care units in LMIC. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: IPC practices are vital to protect vulnerable patients in intensive care units from developing infections and complications that worsen their prognosis. Critical care nurses should be trained and reinforced to practice effective bundle care to prevent VAP.

What Are the Care Needs of Families Experiencing Sudden Cardiac Arrest? A Survivor- and Family-Performed Systematic Review, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis, and Clinical Practice Recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac arrest care systems are being designed and implemented to address patients', family members', and survivors' care needs. We conducted a systematic review and a meta-synthesis to understand family experiences and care needs during cardiac arrest care to create treatment recommendations. METHODS: We searched eight electronic databases to identify articles. Study findings were extracted, coded and synthesized. Confidence in the quality, coherence, relevance, and adequacy of data underpinning the resulting findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual methods. RESULTS: In total 4181 studies were screened, and 39 met our inclusion criteria; these studies enrolled 215 survivors and 418 family participants-which includes both co-survivors and bereaved family members. From these studies findings and participant data we identified 5 major analytical themes: (1) When the crisis begins we must respond; (2) Anguish from uncertainty, we need to understand; (3) Partnering in care, we have much to offer; (4) The crisis surrounding the victim, ignore us, the family, no longer; (5) Our family's emergency is not over, now is when we need help the most. Confidence in the evidence statements are provided along with our review findings. DISCUSSION: The family experience of cardiac arrest care is often chaotic, distressing, complex and the aftereffects are long-lasting. Patient and family experiences could be improved for many people. High certainty family care needs identified in this review include rapid recognition and response, improved information sharing, more effective communication, supported presence and participation, or supported absence, and psychological aftercare.

Leadership self-efficacy and nurses' aspiration to leadership: An evolutionary concept analysis.

BACKGROUND: The complex nature of leadership in nursing and healthcare requires a vast skill set. Leadership self-efficacy (LSE) has emerged as an important concept to support leadership development in the nursing literature. An analysis of LSE can clarify and inform strategies for leadership development among nurses. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the concept of LSE and understand how it relates to nurses' motivation and aspiration for formal leadership roles. METHOD: A concept analysis using Rodgers' evolutionary method identified attributes, antecedents, and consequences of LSE. Twenty-three articles published between 1993 and 2022 were analyzed following a Boolean search of four databases - Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Scopus. RESULTS: LSE is an important element of nurses' aspiration to leadership. Leadership training, individual traits, and organizational support affect levels of LSE. When LSE is increased, job performance and nurses' motivation to take on formal leadership increase. CONCLUSION: The concept analysis further expands knowledge about factors that affect LSE. It provides data on how LSE can be harnessed to support leadership development and career aspiration for nurses. Developing and nurturing LSE among nurses may be key in promoting leadership career aspirations. Nurse leaders in practice, research, and academia can use this knowledge as a guide in leadership program development.

The Clinical Frailty Scale for mortality prediction of old acutely admitted intensive care patients: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data.

BACKGROUND: This large-scale analysis pools individual data about the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) to predict outcome in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A systematic search identified all clinical trials that used the CFS in the ICU (PubMed searched until 24th June 2020). All patients who were electively admitted were excluded. The primary outcome was ICU mortality. Regression models were estimated on the complete data set, and for missing data, multiple imputations were utilised. Cox models were adjusted for age, sex, and illness acuity score (SOFA, SAPS II or APACHE II). RESULTS: 12 studies from 30 countries with anonymised individualised patient data were included (n = 23,989 patients). In the univariate analysis for all patients, being frail (CFS ≥ 5) was associated with an increased risk of ICU mortality, but not after adjustment. In older patients (≥ 65 years) there was an independent association with ICU mortality both in the complete case analysis (HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.25-1.44), p < 0.0001) and in the multiple imputation analysis (HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.26-1.45), p < 0.0001, adjusted for SOFA). In older patients, being vulnerable (CFS 4) alone did not significantly differ from being frail. After adjustment, a CFS of 4-5, 6, and ≥ 7 was associated with a significantly worse outcome compared to CFS of 1-3. CONCLUSIONS: Being frail is associated with a significantly increased risk for ICU mortality in older patients, while being vulnerable alone did not significantly differ. New Frailty categories might reflect its "continuum" better and predict ICU outcome more accurately. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/8buwk/ ).

The Use and Structure of Emergency Nurses' Triage Narrative Data: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Emergency departments use triage to ensure that patients with the highest level of acuity receive care quickly and safely. Triage is typically a nursing process that is documented as structured and unstructured (free text) data. Free-text triage narratives have been studied for specific conditions but never reviewed in a comprehensive manner. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to identify and map the academic literature that examines triage narratives. The paper described the types of research conducted, identified gaps in the research, and determined where additional review may be warranted. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of unstructured triage narratives. We mapped the literature, described the use of triage narrative data, examined the information available on the form and structure of narratives, highlighted similarities among publications, and identified opportunities for future research. RESULTS: We screened 18,074 studies published between 1990 and 2022 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and ProQuest Central. We identified 0.53% (96/18,074) of studies that directly examined the use of triage nurses' narratives. More than 12 million visits were made to 2438 emergency departments included in the review. In total, 82% (79/96) of these studies were conducted in the United States (43/96, 45%), Australia (31/96, 32%), or Canada (5/96, 5%). Triage narratives were used for research and case identification, as input variables for predictive modeling, and for quality improvement. Overall, 31% (30/96) of the studies offered a description of the triage narrative, including a list of the keywords used (27/96, 28%) or more fulsome descriptions (such as word counts, character counts, abbreviation, etc; 7/96, 7%). We found limited use of reporting guidelines (8/96, 8%). CONCLUSIONS: The breadth of the identified studies suggests that there is widespread routine collection and research use of triage narrative data. Despite the use of triage narratives as a source of data in studies, the narratives and nurses who generate them are poorly described in the literature, and data reporting is inconsistent. Additional research is needed to describe the structure of triage narratives, determine the best use of triage narratives, and improve the consistent use of triage-specific data reporting guidelines. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055132.

Association between preoperative frailty and outcomes among adults undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The identification of frailty before complex and invasive procedures may have relevance for prognostic and recovery purposes, to optimally inform patients, caregivers and clinicians about perioperative risk and postoperative care needs. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of frailty and describe the associated clinical course and outcomes of patients referred for nonemergent cardiac surgery. METHODS: A prospective cohort of patients aged 50 years and older referred for nonemergent cardiac surgery in Alberta, Canada, from November 2011 to March 2014 were screened preoperatively for frailty, defined as a Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score of 5 or greater. Postoperatively, patients were followed by telephone to assess CFS score, health services use and vital status. The primary outcome was all-cause hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included health services use, hospital discharge disposition, 1-year health-related quality of life and all-cause 5-year mortality. RESULTS: The cohort (n = 529) had a mean age of 67 (standard deviation [SD] 9) years; 25.9% were female, and the prevalence of frailty was 9.6% (n = 51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.3%-12.5%). Frail patients were older (median age 75, interquartile range [IQR] 65-80 v. 67, IQR 60-73, yr; p < 0.001), were more likely to be female (51.0% v. 23.2%; p < 0.001), had a higher mean EuroSCORE II (8, SD 3 v. 5, SD 3; p < 0.001) and received combined coronary artery bypass grafting and valve procedures more frequently (29.4% v. 15.9%; p = 0.02) than nonfrail patients. Postoperatively, frail patients had a longer median duration of stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (median difference 2.2, 95% CI 1.60-2.79) and hospital (median difference 9.3, 95% CI 8.2-10.3). Hospital mortality was 9.8% among frail patients and 1.0% among nonfrail patients (adjusted hazard ratio 3.84, 95% CI 0.90-16.34). INTERPRETATION: Preoperative frailty was present in 10% of patients and was associated with a higher risk of morbidity and greater health services use. Preoperative frailty has important implications for the postoperative clinical course and resource utilization of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Frailty inclusive care in acute and community-based settings: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a known risk factor for an array of adverse outcomes including more frequent and prolonged health services use and high health care costs. Aging of the population has implications for care provision across the care continuum, particularly for people living with frailty. Despite known risks associated with frailty, there has been limited research on care pathways that address the needs of persons living with frailty. Our study aims to review and examine, in a rigorous way, the quality of evidence for multi-component interventions and care pathways focused on frailty. METHODS: A comprehensive electronic search strategy will be used to identify studies that evaluate multi-component interventions or care pathways for persons living with frailty. The search strategy will include terms for frailty, multi-component interventions, effectiveness, and cost effectiveness applied to the following databases: MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. An adapted search for Google Scholar and gray literature databases will also be used. References of included studies will be hand-searched for additional citations of frailty-inclusive care. Known experts and corresponding authors of identified articles will be contacted by email to identify further eligible studies. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment tool. Data will be extracted from eligible studies and it is anticipated that narrative analysis will be used. If studies with sufficient homogeneity are found, then pooled effects will be reported using meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: This review will appraise the evidence currently available on multi-component frailty interventions. Results will inform on clinical pathway development for people living with frailty across the care continuum and will guide future research to address gaps in the literature and areas in need of further development. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020166733.

The Impact of Preoperative Frailty on the Clinical and Cost Outcomes of Adult Cardiac Surgery in Alberta, Canada: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information about the impact of frailty on public payer costs in cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs associated with preoperative frailty in patients referred for cardiac surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively compared costs of frailty in a cohort of 529 patients aged ≥ 50 years who were referred for nonemergent cardiac surgery in Alberta. Patients were screened preoperatively for frailty, defined as a score of 5 or greater on the Clinical Frailty Scale. The primary outcome measure was public payer costs attributable to frailty, calculated in a difference-in-difference (DID) model. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty was 10% (n = 51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7%-12%). Median (interquartile range) costs for frail patients were higher in the first year postsurgery ($200,709 [$146,177-$486,852] vs $147,730 [$100,674-$177,025]; P < 0.001) compared to nonfrail; the difference-in-difference attributable cost of frailty was $57,836 (95% CI, $-28,608-$144,280). At 1 year, frail patients had fewer QALYs realized compared to nonfrail patients (0.71 [0.57-0.77] vs 0.82 [0.75-0.86], P < 0.001), whereas QALYs gained were similar (0.02 [-0.02-0.05] vs 0.02 [0.00-0.04], P = 0.58, median difference 0.003 [95% CI, -0.01-0.02]) in frail and nonfrail patients. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty screening identified a population with greater impairment in quality-of-life and greater healthcare costs. Costs attributable to frailty represent opportunity costs that should be considered in future cardiac surgical services planning in the context of our aging population and the growing prevalence of frailty.

CONTEXTE: Il existe peu de renseignements concernant les répercussions de la fragilité sur les coûts pour les payeurs publics en chirurgie cardiaque. Cette étude visait à déterminer les années de vie pondérées par la qualité (QALY, pour Quality-Adjusted Life-Years) et les coûts associés à la fragilité préopératoire chez les patients dirigés vers un service de chirurgie cardiaque. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons comparé de façon rétrospective les coûts de la fragilité dans une cohorte de 529 patients âgés de 50 ans ou plus qui ont été dirigés vers un service de chirurgie cardiaque pour une intervention non urgente en Alberta. Un dépistage de la fragilité, définie comme un score de 5 ou plus à l'échelle CFS (Clinical Frailty Scale), a été effectué avant l'intervention. Le principal critère d'évaluation était le coût attribuable à la fragilité pour les payeurs publics, calculé selon un modèle d'écart des différences. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence de la fragilité a été de 10 % (n = 51; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 7 à 12 %). Les coûts médians (écart interquartile) dans la première année suivant l'intervention chirurgicale ont été plus élevés chez les patients fragiles que chez les patients non fragiles (200 709 $ [146 177 $ à 486 852 $] contre 147 730 $ [100 674 $ à 177 025 $]; p < 0,001); le coût attribuable de la fragilité selon le modèle d'écart des différences a été de 57 836 $ (IC à 95 % : −28 608 $ à 144 280 $). À 1 an, les patients fragiles avaient moins de QALY réalisées que les patients non fragiles (0,71 [0,57 à 0,77] contre 0,82 [0,75 à 0,86]; p < 0,001), alors que le nombre de QALY gagnées était similaire (0,02 [−0,02 à 0,05] contre 0,02 [0,00 à 0,04]; p = 0,58; différence médiane : 0,003 [IC à 95 % : −0,01 à 0,02]) chez les patients fragiles et non fragiles. CONCLUSIONS: Le dépistage de la fragilité a permis de repérer une population associée à une perte plus importante de qualité de vie et à des coûts plus élevés en soins de santé. Les coûts attribuables à la fragilité représentent des coûts de renonciation qui doivent être considérés dans la planification future des services de chirurgie cardiaque, dans le contexte du vieillissement de notre population et de la prévalence croissante de fragilité.

Sex-specific prevalence and outcomes of frailty in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of frailty, an important risk factor for short- and long-term outcomes in hospitalized adults, differs by sex. Studies in critically ill adults have also found differences in mortality and organ support rates in males and females. The objective of this study was to determine if these observed differences in mortality and organ support rates can be explained by sex and frailty alone, or if the interaction between sex and frailty is an important risk factor. METHODS: This is a retrospective multi-centre population-based cohort study of all adult patients (≥ 18 years) admitted to the seventeen intensive care units (ICUs) across Alberta, Canada, between 2016 and 2017. On admission, physicians assigned a Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score (1 = very fit, 9 = terminally ill) to all patients. Patients with missing CFS scores or who died within 24 h of ICU admission were excluded. Frailty was defined as CFS ≥ 5. Outcomes included all-cause hospital mortality, ICU mortality, and organ support rates. A propensity score for female sex was generated and 1:1 matching on sex was performed. Multivariable Cox regression or logistic regression, as appropriate, was performed to evaluate the association between sex, frailty, and the sex-frailty interaction term with outcomes. RESULTS: Of 15,238 patients included in the cohort, after propensity score matching 11,816 patients remained (mean [standard deviation] age 57.3 [16.9]). In the matched cohort, females had a higher prevalence of frailty than males (32% vs. 27%, respectively) and higher odds of frailty (odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.29 [1.20-1.40]). Though females were less likely to receive invasive mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio [95% CI] 0.78 [0.71-0.86]), the interaction between sex and frailty (i.e., males and females with and without frailty) was not associated with differences in organ support rates. Receipt of dialysis and vasoactive support, as well as hospital mortality and ICU mortality were associated with frailty but were not associated with female sex or the interaction between sex and frailty. CONCLUSIONS: Although frailty and sex were individually associated with mortality and differences in organ support in the ICU, there does not appear to be a significant interaction between sex and frailty with regards to these outcomes.

Early mortality in critical illness - A descriptive analysis of patients who died within 24 hours of ICU admission.

PURPOSE: To describe patients who die within 24 h of ICU admission in order to better optimize care delivery. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years old admitted to 17 adult ICUs in Alberta, Canada from January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2017. Data were obtained from a provincial clinical information system and data repository. The primary outcome was incidence of ICU death within 24 h of admission. Secondary outcomes were patient and system factors associated with early death. Variables of interest were identified a priori and examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 19,556 patients admitted to ICU in an 18-month period, 3.3% died within 24 h, representing 29.8% of ICU deaths. Factors associated with early death were age (adjusted-OR 0.99, 95% CI, 0.9-1.0), acuity (adjusted-OR 1.3, 95% CI, 1.3-1.4), admission from the Emergency Department (ED; adjusted-OR 1.5, 95% CI, 1.1-1.9) and surgical (adjusted-OR 2.27, 95% CI, 1.4-3.6), neurologic (adjusted-OR 4.6, 95% CI, 3.1-6.9) or trauma diagnosis (adjusted-OR 6.1, 95% CI, 2.4-15.6). CONCLUSION: Patients who die within 24 h constitute one third of ICU deaths. Age, acuity, admission from the ED and surgical, neurologic or trauma-related admission diagnosis correlate with early death.

Implementation of population-level screening for frailty among patients admitted to adult intensive care in Alberta, Canada.

PURPOSE: A substantial proportion of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are frail; however, the epidemiology of frailty has not been explored at a population-level. Following implementation of a validated frailty measure into a provincial ICU clinical information system, we describe the population-based prevalence and outcomes of frailty in patients admitted to ICUs. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of adult admissions to 17 ICUs. Data were captured using eCritical Alberta. A Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score assigned at ICU admission was used to define the exposure (CFS score ≥ 5). Primary outcome was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were ICU and hospital stay, and receipt of organ support. RESULTS: Fifteen thousand two hundred and thirty-eight patients (81%) were assigned a CFS score at ICU admission. Of these, 28% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27 to 28) were frail. Prevalence of frailty was 9-43% across ICUs. Frail patients were older [mean (standard deviation) 63 (15) vs 56 (17) yr; P < 0.001], more likely to be male (54% vs 46% female; P < 0.001), and had higher APACHE II scores [22 (8) vs 17 (8); P < 0.001] compared with non-frail patients. Frail patients received less mechanical ventilation (62% vs 68%; P < 0.001) and vasoactive therapy (24% vs 57%; P < 0.001), but more non-invasive ventilation (22% vs 9%; P < 0.001). Frail patients had higher hospital mortality (23% vs 9%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.64 to 2.05, along with longer ICU stay (median [interquartile range] 4 [2-8] vs 3 [2-6] days; P < 0.001), and longer hospital stay (16 [8-36] vs 10 [5-20] days; P < 0.001) compared with non-frail patients. CONCLUSION: A validated measure of frailty can be implemented at the population level in ICU. Frailty is common in ICU patients and has implications for health service use and clinical outcomes.

Frailty and the Association Between Long-Term Recovery After Intensive Care Unit Admission.

Frailty is common, although infrequently screened for among patients admitted to intensive care. Frailty has been the focus of research in geriatric medicine; however, its epidemiology and interaction with critical illness have only recently been studied. Instruments to screen for and measure frailty require refinement in intensive care settings. Frail critically ill patients are at higher risk of poor outcomes. Frail survivors of critical illness are high users of health resources. Further research is needed to understand how frailty assessment can inform decision-making before and during an episode of critical illness and during an intensive care course for frail patients.

Innovative Urgent Care for the Palliative Patient at Home.

Palliative and end-of-life patients in their homes are at risk of developing symptom crises requiring urgent care. The usual care for these patients involves transport to an Emergency Department (ED) despite the preference of most palliative patients to stay home. The objective of this initiative was to develop an innovative strategy to provide collaborative care in the home to alleviate symptoms and avoid transport. A partnership was created among Emergency Medical Services and Community Care staff, physicians, and leaders to enable patients to stay at home with existing resources during symptom crisis. As a result of the initiative, patients were able to stay at home more frequently. When patients required transport to the ED, it occurred after attempted symptom management in the home. A total of 110 calls were tracked in the first 18 months of the initiative. Of those, 61% ended with the patient staying home, in alignment with their preferred place of care at the end of life. A collaborative approach by care providers in the community enabled patients to stay home despite symptom crisis near the end of life.

A survey of nurses' beliefs about the medical emergency team system in a canadian tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are the primary activators of the medical emergency team (MET). Although the MET system can empower nurses to seek help in managing acutely ill patients, few data on nurses' beliefs about the system are available. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate nurses' beliefs and behaviors about the MET system. METHODS: Nurses from a large academic hospital in Canada were surveyed (2 demography-related questions and 17 Likert-scale questions). RESULTS: Of 614 nurses employed on units participating in the MET system, 293 (47.7%) were approached and 275 completed the survey (response rate, 93.9%). Most respondents (84.2%) believed that the MET could prevent cardiopulmonary arrest in acutely ill patients, and 94% believed that the MET allowed them to seek help for patients they were worried about. Most nurses (75.9%) would call the responsible physician before activating the MET. Fifteen percent indicated reluctance to activate the MET because of fear of criticism, but only 2.2% considered the MET overused. Most (81.3%) believed that the MET did not increase their workload, and 91.3% did not believe that the MET reduced their skills. Forty-eight percent of nurses indicated that they would activate the MET for a patient they were worried about, even if the patient had normal vital signs. CONCLUSION: Nurses value the MET system. Nurses believe that the MET can help them care for acutely ill patients and improve outcomes. However, barriers to MET activation exist, including a fear of criticism and an adherence to a more traditional model of first contacting the responsible physician before activating the MET.

Emergency department patient satisfaction survey in Alberta's Capital Health region.

In 2005, a large Canadian health region conducted an emergency department patient feedback survey to obtain information on patient perceptions of satisfaction with emergency services received. The Capital Health region is one of nine Alberta Health Authorities, located in the central portion of the province, serving a population of 1.6 million people in metropolitan Edmonton and the surrounding area. Analysis reveals significant demographic and acuity differences in perceptions of care and suggests the need to consider patient mix in future satisfaction surveys and to examine improvement strategies targeted at these specific patient groups.