[Comorbidity in internal medicine: analysis of a caseload of 4,156 subjects at their first hospitalization]. / La polipatologia in Medicina Interna: un'esperienza di analisi su una casistica di 4156 soggetti al primo ricovero ospedaliero.

The prevalence of comorbidities in patients dismissed from hospitals has already been investigated to obtain economical, administrative and epidemiological information, or for health insurance-related problems. Originally designed for billing purposes, administrative data could be the basis for clinical research as well, although the clinical element has somehow been disregarded till now. The aim of this research is (i) to study the prevalence, and (ii) to evaluate the clinical relevance of comorbidities in patients dismissed from a Department of Internal Medicine. In a recent series of 1605 patients (since the Diagnosis-Related Groups-DRG-based hospital financing system has come into common use in Italy) comorbidities have been observed in 92.65% of the cases, while the percentage of comorbidities was rated as 71.97% in a previous series of 2551 patients dismissed from the same Department before the introduction of the DRG system. In the recent series, the prevalence of a single comorbid condition and of two and of three comorbid conditions was 19.50, 32.89 and 47.61%, respectively. In any case, the so-called comorbid conditions were active diseases requiring medical investigation and therapy. They included hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease and angina, arrhythmias, peripheral vascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, metabolic disorders, etc. In conclusion, patients referred to a Department of Internal Medicine have a high severity of illness due not only to the gravity of the primary diagnosis but also to the number and seriousness of comorbid conditions. For these patients more hospital resources and a high level of professional skill are required.

[Diagnosis of celiac disease in an elderly subject: description of a clinical case]. / Diagnosi di malattia celiaca in un soggetto anziano: descrizione di un caso clinico.

A 70-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of a 5-year history of weight loss, weakness, anemia, osteomalacia, pathologic fractures and pain responding only to narcotic analgesics. A diagnosis of celiac disease was made on the basis of pathologic xylose absorption test results, studies confirming the presence of antigliadin and antiendomysial antibodies, and jejunal biopsy evidencing shortened or absent villi. The detection of unusual cases of celiac disease without diarrhea is on the increase. The only observable symptoms of this pathology may be osteomalacia or persistent iron deficiency anemia despite oral iron therapy.

[24-hour esophago-gastric pH-metry: clinical indications]. / pH-metria 24 ore esofago-gastrica: indicazioni cliniche.

Esophago-gastric 24 h pH-metry recording is a diagnostic technique that allows ambulatory monitoring of acid esophageal reflux during 24 h while the patient pursues his everyday activities. Prolonged pH recording allows evaluation of the correlation of esophageal or extraesophageal symptoms (i.e. arrhythmias, chest pain, asthma) with intraesophageal pH. It permits us to evaluate the effectiveness of antireflux therapy, to modify therapy, or change daily dosages.

[Predictability of the anamnesis in pathology of the upper tract of the digestive system. Computerized analysis concerning 1000 subjects submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy]. / Predittività dell'anamnesi nelle patologie del tratto superiore dell'apparato digerente. Analisi computerizzata su 1000 soggetti sottoposti a EGDS.

The ability of history taking to predict endoscopically verified pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated in a group of 1000 patients submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS). The presence of one or more of the following symptoms at the time of EGDS or 4 weeks previously, was considered: epigastric pain, dysphagia, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal bleeding, pyrosis, anorexia and/or weight loss, nausea and/or vomiting. The results of this elaboration showed that the presence of recent symptomatology does not allow differentiation of patients with endoscopically verified pathology from those without it. The presence of an "at risk history" consisting of one or more of the following factors was also evaluated: smoking 10 cigarettes per day, drinking 100 g alcohol per day, previous diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal tract pathology, gastrointestinal-irritating therapy. Data analysis showed notable importance of the presence of an "at risk history"; in fact, when compared with subjects without this type of history, "at risk" patients were twice as likely to have a pathological condition diagnosed. Thus, when protocols for endoscopic examination are established the history of the patient and his lifestyle must be taken into consideration.

[Pyrosis in major diseases of the upper digestive tract. Computerized analysis of symptoms in 700 cases subjected to gastroduodenoscopy]. / La pirosi nelle principali malattie del tratto superiore dell'apparato digerente. Analisi computerizzata del sintomo in 700 casi sottoposti a gastroduodenoscopia.

The prevalence of the symptom pyrosis was investigated in 700 cases subjected to gastroduodenoscopy. The incidence of pyrosis was considered in relation to sex, age, "vices" (consumption of coffee, alcohol, cigarettes), character traits, family and pathological medical histories and the diagnosis formed during endoscopy. The incidence of pyrosis proved to be identical for both sexes and slightly higher in the first decades of life. There was no correlation between familial gastroduodenal or intestinal diseases and pyrosis. There seems to be no connection between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption (assessed quantitatively) and a higher incidence of pyrosis; the consumption of coffee, however, does appear to increase the incidence of pyrosis. When interpreting these data, it should be remembered that many subjects may have modified their habits as a result of pyrosis. The incidence of pyrosis was always found in cases of oesophagitis, current bulbar ulcers, the initial stage of gastric tumours (not advanced cases) and, although with less certainty, in pyloric stenosis and duodenitis. A low incidence was recorded for cases of hypotrophic gastropathies, and cicatricial gastric or duodenal ulcers, for males with oesophageal varices or with a history of chronic hepatopathies. To conclude, pyrosis does not seem to show any characteristics of specificity or sensitivity.

[Dyspepsia among the principal diseases of the upper tract of the digestive apparatus. Analysis of the symptom in 700 cases subjected to gastroduodenoscopy]. / La dispepsia nelle principali malattie del tratto superiore dell'apparato digerente. Analisi del sintomo in 700 casi sottoposti a gastroduodenoscopia.

700 cases subjected to endoscopic examination were investigated to find the relationship between dyspepsia and personal characteristics, lifestyle, family and pathological history and formulated diagnosis. Dyspepsia is taken to represent: epigastric heaviness following meals, prolonged and difficult digestion accompanied by the sensation of slow gastric emptying and fullness. Dyspepsia occurs with equal frequency in both series and is more common during the first decades of life. Dyspepsia is not affected by whether or not the patient lives in the town or the country, smokes, drinks significant amounts of alcohol or coffee. Neither a family history of gastroduodenal or intestinal complaints or gall bladder stones or chronic liver diseases have many bearing on dyspepsia. An attempt to connect endoscopic diagnosis with dyspepsia had no positive result. Dyspepsia was observed with the same frequency in subjects free from upper digestive tract diseases, subjects with organic disease and subjects with functional diseases.