ABSTRACT
Men who have sex with men (MSM) face a disproportionate burden of HIV incidence and HIV prevalence, particularly young men who have sex with men. The aim of this article was to analyze the relation between a psychological temporal perspective and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk behaviors among male sex workers (MSWs), a potentially highly present-oriented group of MSM. A total sample of 326 MSWs were included and responded to a validated psychological scale: the Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory; they also reported how frequently they engaged in protective behaviors against HIV and other STI risks behaviors, including condom use with casual and regular partners, as well as prior HIV testing. We adjusted structural equation models to analyze the relation between a psychological temporal perspective and HIV/STI risk behaviors. We found that orientation toward the past was correlated with decreased condom use with casual partners (ß = - 0.18; CI95% - 0.23, - 0.12). Future orientation was not associated with condom use with casual partners. Regarding condom use with regular partners, past and present orientation were related to lower likelihood of condom use (ß = - 0.23; CI95% - 0.29, - 0.17; ß = - 0.11; CI95% - 0.19, - 0.02), whereas future orientation increased the likelihood of condom use with regular partners (ß = 0.40; CI95% 0.31, 0.50). Time orientation (past, present, or future) did not predict the probability of having an HIV test. The design of HIV/STI prevention programs among vulnerable populations, such as MSM and MSWs, should consider specific time-frame mechanisms that can importantly affect sexual risk behavior decisions.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/psychology , Homosexuality, Male/psychology , Safe Sex/psychology , Sex Workers/psychology , Humans , Male , Mexico , Risk-Taking , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/psychologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon with growing importance to public health. An increase in its occurrence has been observed in Mexico over the past 10 years. The present article analyzes the secular trend in suicide at the national level between the years 2000 and 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All suicides during the study period (n = 64,298, of which 82.11% were men) were characterized using a spectral decomposition of the time series and a wavelet analysis to evaluate the effect of seasonal changes, type of area (urban versus rural) and sex. RESULTS: A seasonal pattern was observed with statistically significant cycles every 12 months, where peaks were identified in May but only for men in urban zones as of the year 2007. In addition, specific days of the year were found to have a higher frequency of suicides, which coincided with holidays (New Year, Mother's Day, Mexican Independence Day and Christmas). CONCLUSION: A wavelet analysis can be used to decompose complex time series. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of this technique to the study of suicides in developing countries. This analysis enabled identifying a seasonal pattern among urban men in Mexico. The identification of seasonal patterns can help to create primary prevention strategies, increase the dissemination of crisis intervention strategies and promote mental health. These strategies could be emphasized during specific periods of the year and directed towards profiles with a higher risk.
Subject(s)
Seasons , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Public Health , Sex Distribution , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess vaccination coverage of children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study based on National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. RESULTS: Coverage in <1 year infants olds infants was <70% for 3 vaccines and <50% for 5. In 15-23 months-olds infants coverage was 59.8% for four vaccines and 51% for six. In 6-year-olds coverage was 93.2% for 1 dose of MMR, and was below 50% for three vaccines in adolescents. Proportion of non-vaccinated individuals was 4.7% in <1-year-olds, 0.2% in 15-23-month-olds, 6.8% in 6-year-olds and 37% in adolescents. Coverage for BCG, HB, and Pneumococcal vaccines in <1-year-olds, and MMR in 15-23-month-olds was >80%. No health insurance and maternal or adolescent illiteracy were explanatory variables for incomplete schema. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest it is necessary to strengthen information systems, health promotion, training, and daily vaccination without restrictive schedules, ensuring timely and adequate supply of vaccines.
Subject(s)
Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , MexicoABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate vaccination coverage in adults 20 years of age and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. RESULTS: Among adults 20-59 years old coverage with complete scheme, measles and rubella (MR) and tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid (Td) was 44.7,49. and 67.3%, respectively. Coverage and percentage of vaccination were significantly higher among women than men. Among women 20-49 years coverages with complete scheme, MR and Td were 48.3, 53.2 and 69.8%, respectively. Among adults 60-64 years old, coverage with complete scheme, Td and influenza vaccine were 46.5, 66.2 and 56.0%, respectively. Among adults >65 years coverages for complete scheme, Td, influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine were 44.0, 69.0, 63.3 and 62.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vaccination coverage among adult population as obtained from vaccination card or self-report is below optimal values although data may be underestimated. Recommendations for improvements are proposed.
Subject(s)
Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico , Middle Aged , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Young AdultABSTRACT
Objetivo. Evaluar cobertura de vacunación en niños y adolescentes. Material y métodos. Estudio basado en los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012. Resultados. Cobertura en menores de un año fue <70% para tres vacunas y menor a 50% para cinco vacunas. En niños de 15 a 23 meses fue 59.8% para cuatro vacunas y 51% para seis, a los seis años 93.2% tenían una dosis de SRP. Cobertura para tres vacunas en adolescentes fue menor a 50%. Proporción de no vacunados fue 4.7% en menores de un año, 0.2% en 15 a 23 meses, 6.8 % a los seis años y 37% en adolescentes. Cobertura de BCG, HB y neumococo en menores de un año y de SRP a los 15 a 23 meses fue mayor a 80%. No derecho habiencia y analfabetismo materno y de adolescentes fueron variables explicativas de esquema incompleto. Conclusiones. Se requiere fortalecer el sistema de información, promoción de la salud, capacitación y vacunación diaria sin horarios restrictivos, asegurando abasto oportuno y suficiente de vacunas.
Objective. To assess vaccination coverage of children and adolescents. Materials and methods. Study based on National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Results. Coverage in <1 year infants olds infants was <70% for 3 vaccines and <50% for 5. In 15-23 months-olds infants coverage was 59.8% for four vaccines and 51% for six. In 6-year-olds coverage was 93.2% for 1 dose of MMR, and was below 50% for three vaccines in adolescents. Proportion of non-vaccinated individuals was 4.7% in <1-year-olds, 0.2% in 15-23-month-olds, 6.8% in 6-year-olds and 37% in adolescents. Coverage for BCG, HB, and Pneumococcal vaccines in <1-year-olds, and MMR in 15-23-month-olds was >80%. No health insurance and maternal or adolescent illiteracy were explanatory variables for incomplete schema. Conclusions. Results suggest it is necessary to strengthen information systems, health promotion, training, and daily vaccination without restrictive schedules, ensuring timely and adequate supply of vaccines.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , MexicoABSTRACT
Objetivo. Estimar la cobertura y el porcentaje de vacunación en adultos mayores de 20 años. Material y métodos. Análisis de datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2011-2012. Resultados. En adultos de 20 a 59 años las coberturas de esquema completo, vacuna doble viral (SR) y vacuna antitetánica y antidiftérica (Td) fue de 44.7, 49.0 y 67.3%, respectivamente. En los esquemas evaluados, tanto la cobertura como el porcentaje de vacunación fueron significativamente mayores en mujeres que en hombres. En las mujeres de 20 a 49 años, la cobertura de esquema completo, SR y Td fue de 48.3, 53.2 y 69.8%, respectivamente. En el caso de los adultos de 60 a 64 años de edad, la cobertura de esquema completo, Td y anti-influenza fue de 46.5, 66.2 y 56.0%, respectivamente. Las coberturas para los adultos de los 65 años o más fueron para esquema completo, Td, anti-influenza y antineumococo con 44.0, 69.0, 63.3 y 62.0% , respectivamente. Conclusión. Las coberturas de vacunación en adultos están por debajo de los valores óptimos aunque es posible que estén subestimadas. Se proponen recomendaciones para mejorarlas.
Objective. To estimate vaccination coverage in adults 20 years of age and older. Materials and methods. Analysis of data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Results. Among adults 20-59 years old coverage with complete scheme, measles and rubella (MR) and tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid (Td) was 44.7,49. and 67.3%, respectively. Coverage and percentage of vaccination were significantly higher among women than men. Among women 20-49 years coverages with complete scheme, MR and Td were 48.3, 53.2 and 69.8%, respectively. Among adults 60-64 years old, coverage with complete scheme, Td and influenza vaccine were 46.5, 66.2 and 56.0%, respectively. Among adults >65 years coverages for complete scheme, Td, influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine were 44.0, 69.0, 63.3 and 62.0%, respectively. Conclusion. Vaccination coverage among adult population as obtained from vaccination card or self-report is below optimal values although data may be underestimated. Recommendations for improvements are proposed.
