[Neuroendocrine tumor in a horseshoe kidney: relative risk of association of two related entities]. / Tumor neuroendocrino en el riñón en herradura: riesgo relativo de asociacion de dos entidades relacionadas.

OBJECTIVE: Primary renal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a very rare neoplasia with a higher frequency of appearance in horseshoe kidney (HK). From 1966, when Resnick published the first case, approximately 2 of each 10 new cases appear in kidneys with this malformation. From the diagnosis of a case of primary NET in a HK, we calculated the relative risk of their presentation as associated entities. METHODS: 63-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of an 8 cm solid renal mass in the isthmus of a HK. At the time of diagnosis there were no signs of local-regional extension of the primary neoplasia neither metastasis. The patient underwent nephrectomy and pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis of NET. After a systematic review using multiple search platforms (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley) our case is No. 11 of NET in HK from a total of 57 renal NET. RESULTS: Despite its very low frequency 19.3% of NET present in HK. Using 1/400 as the incidence of HK in general population, the calculated relative risk in HK is 77 times greater than that of a normal kidney CONCLUSIONS: The relative risk of presentation of NET in HK is enormously superior than that of general population. This diagnosis must be suspected in patients with HK, mainly if the tumor is located in the renal isthmus. Due to its potentially aggressive clinical course and poor response to other therapies, measures for improvement of surgical treatment must be considered priority.

Litiasis en cáliz inferior: utilidad del Láser / Lower calyx lithiasis: usefulness of the laser

Todavía permanece en controversia cual es la mejor modalidad de tratamiento para las litiasis localizadas en el cáliz inferior. El rango de aclaramiento litásico de los cálculos situados en el cáliz inferior va a depender de diferentes factores como el tamaño y la composición del cálculo, el tipo de litotriptor utilizado, el tipo de transporte urinario y la anatomía del cáliz inferior. El papel de la Ureteroscopia (URS) flexible en el tratamiento de la patología intrarrenal ha experimentado una dramática evolución, impulsada por las mejoras en el diseño de los ureteroscopios flexibles, en su grado de deflexión y mejora de la calidad de imagen, en la gran diversificación de la intrumentación accesoria de pequeño calibre y en el uso del láser de Holmium (Ho: YAG) para la litotricia. Su desarrollo permite ofrecerla como modalidad terapeútica en los fracasos de la Litotricia Extracorpórea (LEC) en litiasis menores de 1 cm y como primera línea de tratamiento en las litiasis menores de 1 cm en casos de cálculos de cistina y en aquellos con niveles de atenuación mayores a 1000 HU; así como en pacientes obesos o con problemas de coagulación (AU)

There is controversy yet about which is the best treatment modality for lithiasis of the lower calyx. The range of lithiasis clearance of the stones localized in the lower calyx will depend on various factors such as size, composition of the stone, type of lithotripter employed, type of urinary transport, and anatomy of the lower calyx. The role of flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of intrarenal pathology has experimented a dramatic evolution, impulsed by the improvements in design of flexible ureterscopes, their degree of deflection, and better quality of image, in the great diversification of small calibre accessory instruments, and the use of the holmium laser for lithotripsy. Its development makes possible to offer it as a therapeutic option for the failures of extracorporeal lithotripsy in stones smaller than 1 cm and as first-line treatment for stones smaller than 1 cm in size if they are cystine stones or they have an attenuation level over 1000 HU; also in obese patients or those with coagulation problems (AU)

Dispositivos antimigración durante la litotricia endoscópica con láser de holmium: yag / Antimigration devices during endoscopic lithotripsy with holmium: yag laser

Objetivo: La patología litiásica continúa siendo muy prevalente en nuestro medio. Existen múltiples enfoques y tratamientos para resolverla dentro de la urología actual. En los últimos tiempos, las técnicas endourológicas han sufrido un espectacular avance que ha permitido aumentar su tasa de éxito, disminuyendo también de forma importante su comorbilidad. Sin embargo, a pesar de todas estas mejoras, nos encontramos aún con una serie de complicaciones que pueden reducir el éxito del procedimiento. Entre todas ellas, destacamos la retropulsión de la litiasis que ocurre durante la litofragmentación endoscópica, ya que aparece en un número importante de procedimientos y, no solo ocasiona un descenso del rango de «stone free», sino que además conlleva un alargamiento del tiempo quirúrgico y, en ocasiones, hará necesario el empleo de procedimientos adicionales que aumentarán el coste y la morbilidad del tratamiento. Para reducir la incidencia de esta retropulsión se han empleado maniobras clásicas: antitrendelenburg, disminución de la intensidad de flujo de irrigación, modificación de los parámetros del láser o balones neumáticos. Actualmente disponemos de otros mecanismos más eficaces para combatirla, entre ellos: dispositivos que ocluyen la luz ureteral y cestillas/fórceps de nitinol. La selección adecuada del dispositivo de extracción del cálculo puede ser decisiva para completar con éxito, y en el tiempo programado, un procedimiento ureteroscópico. La elección de un dispositivo inadecuado puede imposibilitar el procedimiento o causar un daño iatrogénico al tracto urinario. Por todo ello, el instrumental específico para atrapar y extraer litiasis (cestillas y dispositivos que ocluyen la luz ureteral) es un armamentarium con el que todo endourólogo debería estar familiarizado (AU)

Objectives: Lithiasic pathology continues being very prevalent in our environment. There are multiple approaches and treatments to solve it in current urology. Lately, endourological techniques have suffered a spectacular advance which has permitted to increase their success rates, diminishing also their comorbidity very much. Nevertheless, despite all improvements we still face a series of complications that may reduce the success of the procedure. Among all of them, we emphasize stone retropulsion during endoscopic lithotripsy, because it appears in an important number of procedures and, it does not only diminish the range of stone free patients, but also is associated with a longer surgical time, and occasionally will make necessary the employment of additional procedures that increase cost and treatment morbidity. To reduce the incidence of this retropulsion classical manoeuvres have been employed: antitrendelenburg, decrease of the intensity of the irrigaton flow, modification of laser parameters, or pneumatic balloons. Currently, we have other more effective mechanisms to combat it, among them: the devices that occlude the ureteral lumen, and nitinol baskets/forceps. Adequate selection of the stone extraction device may be definitive for completion of the ureterorenoscopic procedure with success, and in the programmed time. The election of an inadequate device may make the procedure impossible or cause iatrogenic damage to the urinary tract. For all it, specific instruments to entrap and extract stones (baskets and ureteral lumen occlusion devices) is an armamentarium that every endourologist should be familiar with (AU)

Tumor neuroendocrino en el riñón en herradura: riesgo relativo de asociación de dos entidades relacionadas / Neuroendocrine tumor in a horseshoe kidney: relative risk of association of two related entities

Objetivo: El tumor neuroendocrino (TNE) renal primario es una neoplasia muy rara aunque con una mayor frecuencia de aparición en el riñón en herradura (RH). Desde que en 1966 Resnik publicó el primer caso, aproximadamente 2 de cada 10 nuevos diagnósticos aparecen en riñones con esta malformación. A partir del diagnóstico de un caso de TNE primario en RH, calculamos su riesgo relativo de presentación como entidades asociadas Métodos: Varón de 63 años al que descubrimos incidentalmente una masa sólida de 8 cm. ubicada en el istmo de un RH. En el momento del diagnóstico no se evidenciaron signos de extensión locoregional, sospecha de otra neoplasia primaria extrarrenal. El paciente fue sometido a heminefrectomía y el estudio histológico confirmó el diagnóstico de TNE. Tras una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando múltiples plataformas (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct y Wiley), el nuestro, representa el caso decimoprimero de TNE en RH de un total de 57 TNE originados en riñón. Resultados: Pese a su escasa frecuencia, un 19.3% de los TNE se presentan en un RH. Utilizando una incidencia de RH en la población general de 1/400, el riesgo relativo calculado de TNE en RH respecto al de un riñón normal es 77 veces mayor. Conclusiones: El riesgo relativo de presentación de un TNE en el RH es enormemente superior al de la población general. Este diagnóstico debe sospechase en pacientes con RH, sobre todo si el tumor asienta en el istmo renal. Dado su potencial curso clínico agresivo y pobre respuesta a otras terapias, las medidas encaminadas a mejorar el tratamiento quirúrgico deben ser consideradas prioritarias (AU)

Objective: Primary renal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is a very rare neoplasia with a higher frequency of appearance in horseshoe kidney (HK). From 1966, when Resnick published the first case, approximately 2 of each 10 new cases appear in kidneys with this malformation. From the diagnosis of a case of primary NET in a HK, we calculated the relative risk of their presentation as associated entities. Methods: 63-year-old male with the incidental diagnosis of an 8 cm solid renal mass in the isthmus of a HK. At the time of diagnosis there were no signs of local-regional extension of the primary neoplasia neither metastasis. The patient underwent nephrectomy and pathologic study confirmed the diagnosis of NET. After a systematic review using multiple search platforms (Blackwell, Ovid, Proquest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley) our case is No. 11 of NET in HK from a total of 57 renal NET. Results: Despite its very low frequency, 19.3% of NET present in HK. Using I/400 as the incidence of HK in general population, the calculated relative risk in HK is 77 times greater than that of a normal kidney. Conclusions: The relative risk of presentation of NET in HK is enormously superior than that of general population. This diagnosis must be suspected in patients with HK, mainly if the tumor is located in the renal isthmus. Due to its potentially aggressive clinical course and poor response to other therapies, measures for improvement of surgical treatment must be considered priority (AU)

[Lower calyx lithiasis: usefulness of the laser]. / Litiasis en cáliz inferior: utilidad del láser.

There is controversy yet about which is the best treatment modality for lithiasis of the lower calyx. The range of lithiasis clearance of the stones localized in the lower calyx will depend on various factors such as size, composition of the stone, type of lithotripter employed, type of urinary transport, and anatomy of the lower calyx. The role of flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of intrarenal pathology has experimented a dramatic evolution, impulsed by the improvements in design of flexible ureterscopes, their degree of deflection, and better quality of image, in the great diversification of small calibre accessory instruments, and the use of the holmium laser for lithotripsy. Its development makes possible to offer it as a therapeutic option for the failures of extracorporeal lithotripsy in stones smaller than 1 cm and as first-line treatment for stones smaller than 1 cm in size if they are cystine stones or they have an attenuation level over 1000 HU; also in obese patients or those with coagulation problems.

[Antimigration devices during endoscopic lithotripsy with holmium: yag laser]. / Dispositivos antimigración durante la litotricia endoscópica con láser de holmium:yag.

OBJECTIVES: Lithiasic pathology continues being very prevalent in our environment. There are multiple approaches and treatments to solve it in current urology. Lately, endourological techniques have suffered a spectacular advance which has permitted to increase their success rates, diminishing also their comorbidity very much. Nevertheless, despite all improvements we still face a series of complications that may reduce the success of the procedure. Among all of them, we emphasize stone retropulsion during endoscopic lithotripsy, because it appears in an important number of procedures and, it does not only diminish the range of stone free patients, but also is associated with a longer surgical time, and occasionally will make necessary the employment of additional procedures that increase cost and treatment morbidity. To reduce the incidence of this retropulsion classical manoeuvres have been employed: antitrendelenburg, decrease of the intensity of the irrigaton flow, modification of laser parameters, or pneumatic balloons. Currently, we have other more effective mechanisms to combat it, among them: the devices that occlude the ureteral lumen, and nitinol baskets/forceps. Adequate selection of the stone extraction device may be definitive for completion of the ureterorenoscopic procedure with success, and in the programmed time. The election of an inadequate device may make the procedure impossible or cause iatrogenic damage to the urinary tract. For all it, specific instruments to entrap and extract stones (baskets and ureteral lumen occlusion devices) is an armamentarium that every endourologist should be familiar with.

[Endoscopic treatment of the vesicoureteral reflux in children: preliminary experience with the subureteral injection of Coaptite]. / Tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral en pediatría: experiencia preliminar con la inyección subureteral de Coaptite.

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children with the subureteral injection of calcium hydroxyapatite (Coaptite). METHODS: The serie includes thirteen children whose age ranged between 6 and 13 years. The Coaptite implant was injected subureterally to 20 ureteral units (UU) affected by VUR grades I-IV. VUR was unilateral in six patients (46%), bilateral in seven (54%). There were 7 primary cases and 6 secondary to bladder dysfunction and duplex systems. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 19 months (6-28 months). VUR was cured in 75% of cases after a single injection. A second injection resolved 2 out of 4 treated UU (50%) rendering a global success rate of 85%. This cure rate was achieved for 13 and 7 procedures treating primary and secondary VUR, respectively. 77% of patients reported no adverse events with only 23% of them complaining of transient mild lumbar and hypogastric discomfort limited to the first postoperative day. In 2 children postoperative urinary infection was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic subureteral injection with Coaptite is a simple technique well tolerated in children. In 85% of primary and secondary cases cure was achieved with minimal morbidity.

[Cerebellum and lower urinary tract]. / Cerebelo y tracto urinario inferior.

OBJECTIVES: To review the role of cerebellum on the lower urinary tract dynamics. METHODS: Anatomic-functional methodology including structural, functional and neurotransmitters study. RESULTS: We describe the complex connections of the cerebellum and its influence on the lower urinary tract function. CONCLUSIONS: It is surprising the functional relationship between cerebellum and lower urinary tract, playing a inhibitory modulating role during the filling phase and facilitating the voiding phase.

Cerebelo y tracto urinario inferior / Cerebellum and lower urinary tract

OBJETIVO: Revisar el papel del cerebeloen la dinámica del tracto urinario inferior. MÉTODO: Metodología anatomofuncional que incluyeestudio estructural, funcional y de neurotransmisores. RESULTADOS: Se describen las complejas conexionesdel cerebelo y su influencia sobre la función del tractourinario inferior. CONCLUSIONES: Es sorprendente la interrelación funcionalentre cerebelo y tracto urinario inferior, ejerciendoun papel modulador inhibitorio durante la fase dellenado y facilitador durante la fase de vaciado (AU)

OBJECTIVES: To review the role of cerebellum on the lower urinary tract dynamics. METHODS: Anatomic-functional methodology including structural, functional and neurotransmitters study. RESULTS: We describe the complex connections of the cerebellum and its influence on the lower urinary tract function. CONCLUSIONS: It is surprising the functional relationship between cerebellum and lower urinary tract, playing a inhibitory modulating role during the filling phase and facilitating the voiding phase (AU)

[Clinico-urodynamic correlation in the hereditary ataxias]. / Correlación clínico-urodinámica en las ataxias hereditarias.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lower urinary tract functional symptoms in a series of patients with ataxia and to determine by urodynamic studies the kind of bladder-urethra neurological dysfunction in each case. We posed the question if the clinical picture could be enough to establish the diagnosis and therapeutic management of these patients with hereditary ataxia, or on the contrary it would be necessary to perform urodynamic studies in all cases. METHODS: Due to the low incidence of hereditary ataxias and patients' mobility it was necessary to recruit patients from various hospitals. The urodynamic study protocol employed in this study included 1) Evaluation of urinary symptoms; 2) Neurological physical examination; 3) Flowmetry with post void residual; 4) Cystomanometry; and 5) Perineal electromyography. We analyzed the relationship between urinary symptoms and urodynamic diagnosis, considering variables such as age, gender, type of ataxia, and time of evolution of the disease. RESULTS: The series includes 34 patients with ataxia and urinary symptoms, 14 cases of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) (41.2%) and other 20 cases of other various forms of ataxia we name non-Friedreich's (NF) (58.8%). Mean age was 37.2 years in FA and 50 years in NF (p < 0.05). Mean time of disease evolution was 20.5 yr. for FA, and 14.9 yr. for NF ataxia (p < 0.1). A mixed urinary syndrome was predominant in 53% of the patients, and 41.1% presented pure irritative symptoms in relation to voiding urgency (85.2%). The most frequent urodynamic diagnosis was detrusor hyperreflexia (61.7%) (37.5% with dyssynergia), followed by areflexia (or hyporeflexia) (23.5%), and normal studies (14.7%). Detrusor hyperreflexia presented with irritative urinary symptoms in 85.7% of the patients, and areflexia or hyporeflexia presented with obstructive symptoms in 75% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Although there is a good clinical-urodynamic correlation in cases of ataxia, we consider it is necessary to perform a complete urodynamic study in males with hereditary ataxia in order to rule out bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH. On the other hand, due to the fact that progression of the lesions can modify the clinical picture of the patient (including urinary tract symptoms), we consider essential to re-evaluate ataxic patients periodically to adapt their treatment to the urodynamic diagnosis.

Correlación clínico-urodinámica en las ataxias hereditarias / Clinical-Urodynamic correlation in hereditary ataxias

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los síntomas funcionales del tracto urinario inferior en una serie de sujetos atáxicos y caracterizar mediante estudio urodinámico el tipo de disfunción neurógena vésico-uretral en cada caso. Nos planteamos si en las AH sería suficiente con la clínica para establecer el diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico de estos pacientes, o por el contrario sería necesario recurrir a estudio urodinámico en todos los casos. MÉTODOS: Debido a la baja prevalencia de las ataxias hereditarias (AH), y a la situación de movilidad de los pacientes, fue necesario reclutar pacientes de distintos centros hospitalarios. Para el estudio empleamos un protocolo de estudio urodinámico que incluía 1) Evaluación de síntomas urinarios; 2) Exploración física neurourológica; 3) Flujometría con medición de residuo postmiccional; 4) Cistomanometría y 5) Electromiografía perineal. Analizamos la relación entre síntomas urinarios y diagnóstico urodinámico, considerando variables como la edad, sexo, tipo de ataxia y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. RESULTADOS: La serie está constituida por 34 pacientes atáxicos con síntomas urinarios, 14 casos ataxia de Friedreich (AF) (41,2 por ciento) y los otros 20 casos pertenecían a diversas formas de ataxia que denominamos no Friedreich (NF) (58,8 por ciento). Edad media global 37,2 años en la AF y 50 años en las NF (p < 0,05). Tiempo medio de evolución de la enfermedad 20,5 años para las AF y de 14,9 años para las ataxias NF (p < 0,1). Predominó el síndrome urinario mixto en el 53 por ciento de los pacientes, presentando síntomas irritativos puros el 41,1 por ciento de los casos, a expensas de urgencia miccional (85,2 por ciento). El diagnóstico urodinámico más frecuente fue hiperreflexia del detrusor (61,7 por ciento) (con disinergia en el 37,5 por ciento), seguido de arreflexia (o hiporreflexia) (23,5 por ciento), y estudios normales (14,7 por ciento). La hiperreflexia del detrusor se manifestó con síntomas urinarios irritativos en 85,7 por ciento de los pacientes, y la arreflexia o hiporreflexia con síntomas obstructivos en 75 por ciento de los casos. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque existe una buena correlación clínico-urodinámica en las ataxias, consideramos necesario realizar estudio urodinámico completo en varones con AH en orden a realizar diagnóstico diferencial con la obstrucción prostática. Por otra parte, debido a que la progresión de las lesiones puede modificar las manifestaciones clínicas del paciente (incluyendo los síntomas urinarios), consideramos esencial la reevaluación periódica de los pacientes atáxicos para adecuar el tratamiento al diagnóstico urodinámico (AU)