Cadmium exposure activates NADPH oxidase, renin-angiotensin system and cyclooxygenase 2 pathways in arteries, inducing hypertension and vascular damage.

Exposure to high concentrations of cadmium (Cd), widely used in many industries and found in air, food and contaminated water, is not uncommon. Cd damages the cardiovascular system, but the vascular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in cardiovascular damage after exposure to high Cd concentrations. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally for 14 days with distilled water (Untreated group) or 1 mg/kg cadmium chloride (Cd group). We investigated the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and vascular reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and the aorta by analysing contractile and relaxation responses in the absence and presence of the endothelium; we also evaluated pathways involved in vascular tone regulation. Superoxide anion production, COX-2 protein expression and in situ detection of COX-2, AT-1, and NOX-1 were evaluated. Oxidative status, creatinine level and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in plasma were also evaluated. Fourteen-day exposure to a high Cd concentration induced hypertension associated with vascular dysfunction in MRA and the aorta. In both vessels, there was increased participation of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and NOX1. MRA also presented endothelial dysfunction, denoted by impaired acetylcholine-mediated relaxation. All vascular changes were accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and COX2, NOX1 and AT1 receptor expression in vascular tissue. Overall, high Cd concentrations induced cardiovascular damage: hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage in conductance and resistance arteries, NADPH oxidase, renin-angiotensin system and COX2 pathway activation.

The cessation of the long-term exposure to low doses of mercury ameliorates the increase in systolic blood pressure and vascular damage in rats.

This study aimed to verify whether a prolonged exposure to low-level mercury promotes haemodynamic disorders and studied the reversibility of this vascular damage. Rats were divided into seven groups: three control groups received saline solution (im) for 30, 60 or 90 days; two groups received HgCl2 (im, first dose, 4.6µg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07µg/kg/day) for 30 or 60 days; two groups received HgCl2 for 30 or 60 days (im, same doses) followed by a 30-day washout period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, along with analysis of vascular response to acetylcholine (ACh) and phenylephrine (Phe) in the absence and presence of endothelium, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor and an AT1 receptor blocker. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant power were measured in plasma. HgCl2 exposure for 30 and 60 days: a) reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxation; b) increased the Phe-induced contraction and the contribution of ROS, COX-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids and angiotensin II acting on AT1 receptors to this response while the NO participation was reduced; c) increased the oxidative stress in plasma; d) increased the SBP only after 60 days of exposure. After the cessation of HgCl2 exposure, SBP, endothelium-dependent relaxation, Phe-induced contraction and the oxidative stress were normalised, despite the persistence of the increased COX-derived prostanoids. These results demonstrated that long-term HgCl2 exposure increases SBP as a consequence of vascular dysfunction; however, after HgCl2 removal from the environment the vascular function ameliorates.

Bilateral assessment of knee muscle relationships in healthy adults / Avaliação bilateral de relacionamentos de músculos do joelho em adultos saudáveis / Evaluación bilateral de las relaciones de músculos de la rodilla en adultos sanos

Asymmetric performance of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee may be a risk factor for knee injuries, especially the anterior cruciate ligament. Additionally, asymmetries in power and work may have correlations with fatigue and performance during functional tasks. Among untrained individuals, such asymmetries may be of potential interest for training prescription. Here, we investigated the bilateral performance of knee flexors and extensors muscle groups of untrained individuals. We quantified the torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships, as well as work, power and asymmetry indexes in 20 untrained male (25 ± 4 years old; height 1.74 ± 0.05 m; body mass 76 ± 9 kg). No significant asymmetry was observed for torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships, work and power output for knee flexor and extensor muscle groups (p < .05). Our results suggest that untrained male present symmetry in the knee flexion and extension bilateral performance. Changes in this behavior due to physical training must be monitored...

"Avaliação bilateral de relacionamentos de músculos do joelho em adultos saudáveis." Assimetrias na produção de força de músculos flexores e extensores do joelho são fatores de risco para lesões de joelho, especialmente do ligamento cruzado anterior. Assimetrias na potência e trabalho produzido podem ter correlação com fadiga e desempenho em tarefas funcionais. Se existentes em sujeitos não treinados, assimetrias podem ser importantes para a prescrição de treinamento. Neste estudo investigamos o desempenho bilateral dos grupos musculares flexor e extensor do joelho em sujeitos não treinados. Nós quantificamos as relações torque-ângulo e torque-velocidade, bem como o trabalho, a potência e índices de assimetrias em 20 homens saudáveis, não treinados (25 ± 4 anos, estatura de 1,74 ± 0,05 m e massa corporal de 76 ± 9 kg). Nenhuma assimetria significativa foi observada para as relações torque-ângulo, torque-velocidade, trabalho ou potência produzida para flexão e extensão do joelho (p < 0,05). Nossos resultados sugerem que sujeitos não treinados apresentaram simetria no desempenho bilateral para flexão e extensão de joelho. Mudanças nestas características em resposta ao treinamento físico devem ser monitoradas...

"Evaluación bilateral de las relaciones de músculos de la rodilla en adultos sanos." Asimetría en el rendimiento de los músculos flexores y extensores de la rodilla es un factor de riesgo en la lesión de rodilla, especialmente en la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior. Asimetrías en potencia y trabajo pueden tener correlaciones con fatiga y un menor rendimiento en tareas funcionales. Se ha observado en sujetos desentrenados, como las asimetrías pueden ser un interés potencial en la prescripción de entrenamiento. El presente estudio investigó el rendimiento bilateral de los grupos musculares flexores y extensores de la rodilla en sujetos desentrenados. Se cuantificaron las relaciones entre el ángulo de torque y la velocidad de contracción, así como el trabajo, potencia e índices de asimetría en 20 hombres desentrenados sanos (edad: 25 ± 4 años; altura: 1,74 ± 0,05 m; peso: 76 ± 9 kg). No se observaron asimetrías significantes para la relación entre el ángulo de torque y la velocidad de contracción, el trabajo y la potencia de los grupos musculares flexores y extensores de la rodilla (p < 0,05). Nuestros resultados sugieren que sujetos desentrenados presentan simetría en el rendimiento bilateral de flexión y extensión de rodilla. Cambios en este comportamiento en respuesta al entrenamiento físico deberían ser estudiados...