Acute pancreatitis in Chile: A multicenter study on epidemiology, etiology and clinical outcome. Retrospective analysis of clinical files.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) is variable in different geographical regions. OBJECTIVES: To compare etiology and severity of AP to published data from South America and the rest of world, study impact of demographical factors and treatment on its outcome in Chilean hospitals. METHODS: Multicenter observational study. Data of consecutive patients with AP were collected at the moment of discharge from 11 centers and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Data of 962 patients were included in the analysis, 447 men and 515 women. Mean age was 48,2 years. Biliary etiology was significantly more frequent in women (70%) than in men (52%). Conversely, alcohol was responsible for about 17% of AP in men but exceptional in women. Mild AP was seen in 73.4%, moderately severe in 14.1% and severe in 13%. The overall mortality was 2.5% (24 of 962): 0.3%, 3.1% and 15.1% in mild, moderately severe and severe cases, respectively. No difference was found in the mortality and severity of biliary versus alcoholic AP, while hypertriglyceridemia induced AP was more severe, without increased mortality. Severity and mortality increased with age. ERCP was performed in 16% of biliary pancreatitis. Adherence to main guidelines was heterogeneous: more than half of mild AP patients were admitted to critical care units and antibiotics were used in about 25% them. CONCLUSION: This is the first multicenter study in Chile on AP. When compared to literature, we found similar severity distribution and an acceptably low mortality. Biliary etiology was dominant, but alcohol was also important in men.

Mecanismos moleculares en la apoptosis del cardiomiocito y sus proyecciones patológicas y terapéuticas / Molecular mechanisms of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and their pathological and terapeutical perspectives

La apoptosis junto a la paraptosis y la necrosis constituyen las principales formas de muerte celular conocidas hasta la fecha. La apoptosis se caracteriza por una disminución del volumen celular y a laformación de cuerpos apoptóticos, manteniendo íntegra la membrana plasmática, evitando así el vaciamiento del contenido intracelular y el desarrollo de un proceso inflamatorio. En el cardiomiocito se han descrito dos vías apoptóticas: la tipo I (extrínseca o mediada a través de receptores de muerte) y la tipo II (intrínseca o mitocondrial). Ambas vías convergen en la caspasa 3, que es la responsable de la ejecución final de la apoptosis. Existe apoptosis en varias enfermedades cardíacas, como por ejemplo en la insuficiencia cardíaca de origen isquémico y no isquémico, en el infarto al miocardio y en las arritmias. Debido a que los cardiomiocitos son incapaces de proliferar, su muerte conduce a la pérdida de masa cardíaca, disminución de la capacidad contráctil del miocardio y remodelamiento. Dado que la apoptosis del cardiomiocito contribuye directamente a un deterioro funcional irreversible del corazón y favorece el desarrollo de diversas cardiopatías, el conocimiento de sus mecanismos y blancos moleculares proporcionará novedosas estrategias terapéuticas para la prevención y tratamiento de las diferentes cardiopatías