ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Antimicrobial stewardship programs are important for reducing antimicrobial resistance because they can readjust antibiotic prescriptions to local guidelines, switch intravenous to oral administration, and reduce hospitalization times. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) empirically based prescriptions and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) programs are essential for antimicrobial stewardship, but there is a need to fit protocols according to cost benefits. The cost benefits can be demonstrated by reducing toxicity and hospital stay, decreasing the amount of drug used per day, and preventing relapses in infection. Our aim was to review the data available on whether PK-PD empirically based prescriptions and TDM could improve the cost benefits of an antimicrobial stewardship program to decrease global hospital expenditures. METHODS: A narrative review based on PubMed search with the relevant studies of vancomycin, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and voriconazole. RESULTS: TDM protocols demonstrated important cost benefit for patients treated with vancomycin, aminoglycosides, and voriconazole mainly due to reduce toxicities and decreasing the hospital length of stay. In addition, PK-PD strategies that used infusion modifications to meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, and cefepime, such as extended or continuous infusion, demonstrated important cost benefits, mainly due to reducing daily drug needs and lengths of hospital stays. CONCLUSIONS: TDM protocols and PK-PD empirically based prescriptions improve the cost-benefits and decrease the global hospital expenditures.
Subject(s)
Antimicrobial Stewardship , Vancomycin , Humans , Aminoglycosides , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Ceftazidime , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Drug Monitoring , Vancomycin/therapeutic use , VoriconazoleABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat and there is an urgent need to manage antibiotic use to slow its development. However, antimicrobial stewardship interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have been limited in terms of their resourcing, feasibility and effectiveness in the face of greater challenges in child mortality. We sought to gather together examples of antibiotic use problems faced by clinicians in LMIC, many of which are unique to these settings, and real-world antimicrobial stewardship solutions identified, with the goal of learning broader lessons that might be applicable across LMIC.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antimicrobial Stewardship , Developing Countries , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Personnel/psychology , Problem Solving , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Humans , Pediatrics , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
A avaliação das universidades vem sendo defendida como instrumento necessário para elevar a qualificação institucional, promovendo a melhoria do ensino, da pesquisa, da extensão e de sua gestão. Com o objetivo de avaliar o processo de gestão institucional da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), no Rio Grande do Sul, este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que levantou os fatores que, na percepção de 163 docentes da UFSM, interferem na continuidade e no aperfeiçoamento do processo de avaliação institucional. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários e analisados através de técnicas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Entre 79,9 por cento e 95,7 por cento dos fatores estudados facilitam ou dificultam o processo de avaliação, destacando-se com mais de 70 por cento os seguintes: "consciência da importância da avaliação", "definição clara dos critérios indicadores a serem utilizados na avaliação", "definição e divulgação das políticas da instituição" e a "existência de comissão interna de avaliação". Em síntese, apesar do caráter exploratório do estudo, os resultados obtidos permitiram construir uma imagem adequada sobre a avaliação na UFSM.
