MR1 blockade drives differential impact on integrative signatures based on circuits of circulating immune cells and soluble mediators in visceral leishmaniasis.

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important tropical and neglected disease and represents a serious global health problem. The initial interaction between the phagocytes and the parasite is crucial to determine the pathogen's capacity to initiate infection and it shapes the subsequent immune response that will develop. While type-1 T-cells induce IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-12 production by monocytes/macrophages to fight the infection, type-2 T-cells are associated with a regulatory phenotype (IL-10 and TGF-ß) and successful infection establishment. Recently, our group demonstrated the role of an important Th1/Th17 T-cell population, the mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, in VL. MAIT cells can respond to L. infantum by producing TNF-α and IFN-γ upon MR1-dependent activation. Objective and methods: Here, we describe the impact of the MR1-blockage on L. infantum internalization on the functional profile of circulating neutrophils and monocytes as well as the impact of the MR1-blockage on the soluble mediator signatures of in vitro whole blood cultures. Results: Overall, our data showed that VL patients presents higher percentage of activated neutrophils than asymptomatic and non-infected controls. In addition, MR1 blockade led to lower TNF-α and TGF-ß production by non-activated neutrophils from asymptomatic individuals. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-10 production by monocytes was higher in VL patients. In the analysis of soluble mediators produced in vitro, MR1-blockade induced a decrease of IFN-γ and an increase of IL-10, IL-27 and IL-33 in the cell cultures of AS group, a cytokine pattern associated with type 2 deleterious response. Discussion and conclusion: These data corroborate the hypothesis that MR1-restricted responses are associated to a protective role during Leishmania infection.

Multivariate Analysis of Solubility Parameters for Drug-Polymer Miscibility Assessment in Preparing Raloxifene Hydrochloride Amorphous Solid Dispersions.

The success of obtaining solid dispersions for solubility improvement invariably depends on the miscibility of the drug and polymeric carriers. This study aimed to categorize and select polymeric carriers via the classical group contribution method using the multivariate analysis of the calculated solubility parameter of RX-HCl. The total, partial, and derivate parameters for RX-HCl were calculated. The data were compared with the results of excipients (N = 36), and a hierarchical clustering analysis was further performed. Solid dispersions of selected polymers in different drug loads were produced using solvent casting and characterized via X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RX-HCl presented a Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) of 23.52 MPa1/2. The exploratory analysis of HSP and relative energy difference (RED) elicited a classification for miscible (n = 11), partially miscible (n = 15), and immiscible (n = 10) combinations. The experimental validation followed by a principal component regression exhibited a significant correlation between the crystallinity reduction and calculated parameters, whereas the spectroscopic evaluation highlighted the hydrogen-bonding contribution towards amorphization. The systematic approach presented a high discrimination ability, contributing to optimal excipient selection for the obtention of solid solutions of RX-HCl.

Proposal for a new non-linear model to describe growth curves

This study was developed with longitudinal data measurements of Norfolk rabbits from birth to 119 days of age to estimate the average growth curve, with the primary objective of proposing a non-linear model. It also selected the most appropriate sigmoidal model to describe the growth of Norfolk rabbits. The adjustments provided by the logistic, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Brody, Richards, and proposed models were compared. The parameters were estimated using the "nls" function of the "stats" package in R software, the least-squares method, and the Gauss-Newton convergence algorithm. The goodness-of-fit comparison was based on the following criteria: adjusted coefficient of determination (), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Cluster analysis helped select and classify the non-linear growth models, considering the other goodness-of-fit criteria results. The proposed non-linear, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Richards models described the growth curve of Norfolk rabbits satisfactorily, providing parameters with practical interpretations. The goodness-of-fit criteria showed that the proposed and von Bertalanffy models best represented the growth of rabbits.

Neurosurgical Emergencies in the Amazon: An Epidemiologic Study of Patients Referred by Air Transport for Neurosurgical Evaluation at a Referral Center in Amazonas.

BACKGROUND: Amazonas is the largest state in Brazil, covering an area of 1,559,159.148 km2 and primarily occupied by the Amazon rainforest. Fluvial and aerial transport are the primary means of transportation. Studying the epidemiologic profile of patients transported by neurologic emergencies is essential because there is only 1 referral center hospital serving approximately 4 million inhabitants in Amazonas. METHODS: This work studies the epidemiologic profile of patients referred by air transport for evaluation by the neurosurgery team at a referral center in the Amazon. RESULTS: Of the 68 patients transferred, 50 (75.53%) were men. The study covered 15 municipalities in Amazonas. Of the patients, 67.64% had a traumatic brain injury due to various causes, and 22.05% had had a stroke. Of all patients, 67.65% did not undergo surgery and 43.9% evolved with good evolution and without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Air transportation for neurologic evaluation is essential in Amazonas. However, most patients did not require neurosurgical intervention, indicating that investments in medical infrastructures, such as computed tomography scanners and telemedicine, may optimize health costs.

Contracepção pós-parto e pós-abortamento: um compilado das evidências atuais / Postpartum and post-abortion contraception: a compilation of current evidences

Idealmente, a contracepção deve ser iniciada o mais precocemente possível após o parto ou após o abortamento, permitindo que as mulheres sejam protegidas contra uma gravidez não programada subsequente. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir a contracepção no pós-parto e pós-aborto, por meio da análise de ensaios clínicos e metanálises, além das principais diretrizes internacionais, com ênfase nas indicações e contraindicações, tempo de início do uso dos métodos contraceptivos e possíveis complicações. Nesta revisão não sistemática, são discutidos os principais métodos contraceptivos: dispositivos intrauterinos, métodos somente de progestagênios, métodos hormonais combinados, métodos de barreira, método de amenorreia lactacional e esterilização. O aconselhamento contraceptivo pós-parto deve começar durante o pré-natal e, em pacientes após abortamento, durante a internação hospitalar. Todas as mulheres devem ter acesso a informações claras sobre cada método contraceptivo, e o processo de tomada de decisão deve ser compartilhado com o médico assistente. Idealmente, métodos de contracepção reversíveis de longa duração devem ser priorizados em relação aos outros. Em conjunto, todas as evidências demonstram que o melhor método para cada paciente é aquele que combine altas taxas de segurança com o desejo da paciente de iniciá-lo e mantê-lo pelo tempo que desejar.

Contraception should ideally be started as early as possible after childbirth or abortion to allow women to be protected against a subsequent unplanned pregnancy. The aim of this review is to discuss postpartum and postabortion contraception, through the analysis of clinical trials and meta-analyses, in addition to the main international guidelines, with emphasis on indications and contraindications, time to start contraceptive method and possible complications. In this review, the main contraceptive methods are discussed: intrauterine devices, progestin-only methods, combined hormonal methods, barrier methods, lactational amenorrhea method and sterilization. Postpartum contraceptive counseling should start during prenatal care and during hospital stay in post-abortion patients. All women should have access to clear information about each contraceptive method and the decision-making process must be shared. Ideally, long acting reversible contraception methods should be prioritized over others. Taken together, all the evidence shows that the best method for each patient is the one that combines high safety rates with the patient's desire to start and maintain it for as long as she wants.

Genetic divergence of cassava genotypes from Petrolina

This study aimed to evaluate cassava genotypes to identify the ones with the best nutritional values for ruminant diets. Nine genotypes were used: Amansa Burro (BGM 549), Aramaris (BGM 116), Brasília, Cambadinha (BRS Guaíra), Curvelinha, Engana Ladrão (BGM 1269), Trouxinha (BGM 1468), BRS Gema de Ovo, and BRS Dourada. A completely randomized block experimental design with nine treatments (genotypes) and three blocks (replicates) were employed. The roots were analyzed for dry matter production (DMP) in tonnes per hectare, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), starch, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The multivariate analysis was carried out using Ward's hierarchical agglomerative clustering based on Mahalanobis distance. The groups formed were evaluated by Scott-Knott test. The group formed by genotype Engana Ladrão was chosen as the best one for having the highest DMP t ha-1 and IVDMD values and the lowest NDF and ADF contents.(AU)

Morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristics of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral and monoculture systems

To gain insights into the forage morphological and anatomical characteristics in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Bolsa de Pastor (Zeyheria tuberculosa) and palisadegrass 'Marandu' (Urochloa brizantha) monoculture (MONO). The SPS was established through natural regeneration of the tree species. Treatments were a SPS and MONO distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates and repeated measures were the harvest periods. Response variables were morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristicss: green: dead material ratio, leaf blade: stem+sheath ratio, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified areas in stems, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified and chlorophyllous areas in leaves, as well as cell length in longitudinal section of stem. Morpho-physiological patterns were altered (p < 0.05) under natural shading conditions due to higher photosynthetic efficiency in the SPS. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the systems on anatomical patterns, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous, lignified and chlorophyllous tissues, these proportions were influenced only by the periods of the year, both for stems and leaves. Cells of the internodes of the grasses of the studied systems had the same length. The SPS alters morpho-physiological characteristics of palisadegrass and increases the concentration of chlorophyll a and b.(AU)

Seasonality effect on the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows to the equatorial Amazon climate / Efeito da sazonalidade sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças ao clima amazônico equatorial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect of months of the year upon the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows raised in an Amazonian climate. Twenty lactating cows were evaluated, fed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture, with free access to water and mineral supplementation. Data from climate variables air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RA) and temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded dur ing the months of January to April 2019. The physiological data collected were: respiratory rate (RR, mov/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min), rectal temperature (RT, ºC), udder surface temperature (UST, ºC), body surface temperature (BST, ºC), dorsum surface temperature (DST, ºC), front surface temperature (FST, ºC) and rear shin temperature (RST). Milk production (MP) was also measured. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) of RST and RR with values ranging from 34.8 to 35.5°C and 32.0 to 36.2 mov/min, respectively. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) for BST, and the values for MP and THI were 3.8; 3.8; 4.6; 4.1 kg and 77.7; 79.7; 80.6; 80.1, respectively. It was concluded that there was a seasonal effect of the months of the year evaluated on the respiratory rate of animals, however, it did not change the MP and the THI. The Amazon environment is conducive to causing thermal stress in lactating cows raised on pasture, requiring the use of shading to facilitate the ability of these animals to dissipate heat.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sazonais dos meses do ano sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em clima amazônico. Foram avaliadas 20 vacas lactantes, alimentadas com pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com acesso livre a água e suplementação mineral. Foram registrados dados das variáveis climáticas temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), precipitação pluviométrica (PP) e índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU) durante os meses de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os dados fisiológicos coletados foram: frequência respiratória (FR, mov/min), frequência cardíaca (FC, bat./min), temperatura retal (TR, ºC), temperatura superficial do úbere (TSU, ºC), temperatura superfície corporal (TSC, ºC), temperatura superficial do dorso (TSD, ºC), temperatura superficial da fronte (TSF, ºC) e temperatura superficial da canela (TSCA, °C). Também foi mensurada a produção de leite (PL, kg). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) da TSCA e FR com valores variando de 34,8 a 35,5°C e 32,0 a 36,2 mov/min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para TSC e os valores observados para PL e ITU foram 3,8; 3,8; 4,6; 4,1 kg e 77,7; 79,7; 80,6; 80,1, respectivamente. Houve efeito sazonal dos meses avaliados sobre a taxa respiratória dos animais, no entanto, isso não alterou a PL nem o ITU. O ambiente amazônico é propício a causar estresse térmico em vacas lactantes mantidas a pasto, sendo necessário o uso de sombreamento para facilitar a capacidade de dissipação de calor corporal desses animais.(AU)

Process optimization of physicochemical properties of spray-dried Hydrocotyle umbellata L. extract

Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts.

New bicompartmental model: an application for the production of gases using the in vitro technique / Novo modelo bicompartimental: uma aplicação para a produção de gases pela técnica in vitro

The purpose of this study was to propose a bicompartmental nonlinear model and to identify the best-performing model between the proposed model and the bicompartmental logistic (BL) mode regarding the quality of fit to the curve of cumulative gas production (CGP) using corn silage, sunflower, and their mixtures. Gas production was measured 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after beginning the in vitro fermentation process. The generated data were used to generate the parameters of each model tested using the stats package of the R computational tool version 4.0.4. The mathematical models were subjected to the following selection criteria: the adjusted coefficient of determination (Raj.), residual mean square (RMS), mean absolute deviation (MAD), and Akaike information criterion (AIC). It was demonstrated that the proposed model had better performance with a high Raj., and lower values of RMS, AIC, and MAD than the bicompartmental logistic model for the prediction of the parameters of cumulative gas production (CGP), per to present a superior fit in the set of criteria according to the methodology and conditions in which the present study was developed.(AU)

No presente trabalho, com silagem de milho, girassol e suas misturas, objetivou-se propor um modelo não linear bicompartimental e identificar entre o modelo proposto e Logístico Bicompartimental (LB), aquele que apresenta maior qualidade de ajuste à curva de cinética de produção cumulativa de gases (PCG). A leitura da produção de gás foi realizada nos tempos 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas, após o início do processo de fermentação in vitro. Os dados gerados foram utilizados para geração dos parâmetros de cada modelo testado com auxílio do pacote stats da ferramenta computacional R versão 4.0.4. Os modelos matemáticos foram submetidos aos seguintes critérios de seleção o coeficiente de determinação ajustado (Raj.), quadrado médio do resíduo (QMR), desvio médio absoluto (DMA) e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). Foi demonstrado que o modelo proposto teve melhor desempenho com altos Raj., e menores valores de QMR, AIC e DMA, por apresentar um ajustamento superior no conjunto dos critérios em comparação com o modelo logístico bicompartimental para a predição dos parâmetros de produção cumulativa de gases (PCG) de acordo com a metodologia e condições em que foi desenvolvido o presente estudo.(AU)

Proposal of a non-linear model to adjust in vitro gas production at different incubation times

This work aims to propose a new model named Gompertz-Von Bertalanffy bicompartmental (GVB), a combination of the models Gompertz and Von Bertalanffy. The GVB models is applied to fit the kinetic curve of cumulative gas production (CGP) of four foods (SS ­ sunflower silage; CS ­ corn silage; and the mixtures 340SS ­ 660 gkg-1 of corn silage and 340 gkg-1 of sunflower silage; and 660SS ­ 340 gkg-1 of corn silage and 660 gkg-1 of sunflower silage). The GVB fit is compared to models Logistic-Von Bertalanffy bicompartmental (LVB) and bicompartmental logistic (BL). All the process studied employed the semi-automatic "in vitro" technique of producing gases used in ruminant nutrition. The gas production readout was performed at times 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 48, 72, and 96 h. The data generated were used to estimate the models' parameters by the least squared method with the iterative Gauss-Newton process. The data fit quality of the models was verified using the adjusted coefficient of determination criterion (), mean residual square (MRS), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and mean absolute deviation (MAD). Among the analyzed models, the LVB model presented the best quality of fit evaluators for CS. In contrast, the GVB model showed better quality of fit to describe CGP over time for 340SS, 660SS, and SS, presenting the highest values of () and the lowest values of MSR, AIC, and MAD.

Correlation between short-term blood pressure variability parameters with mobil-O-graph pulse wave velocity.

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure variability (BPV) and arterial stiffness show an association with increased cardiovascular events. Evidences demonstrated an association between higher short-term systolic BPV and stiffer arteries. There is no previous study assessed the correlation between BPV and arterial stiffness measured by a Mobil-O-Graph device. We issued to evaluate the correlation between short-term BPV parameters and Mobil-O-Graph pulse wave velocity (PWV) among suspected hypertensive individuals under treatment. METHODS: Mobil-O-Graph device estimated arterial stiffness (oscillometric PWV [oPWV]) in 649 individuals, and they recorded 24-h ambulatory BP; 428 had suspected hypertension and 221 under treatment. We analyzed the correlation between oPWV and measures of BPV: SD of 24 h BP (24-h SD), SD of daytime BP (daytime-SD), and SD of nighttime BP (nighttime-SD), weighted SD of 24-h BP (wSD), coefficient of variation of 24-h BP (CV 24-h) and average real variability (ARV). RESULTS: Oscillometric PWV showed a positive correlation with all systolic BPV measures, in both groups. Among suspected hypertensives: 24-h SD, r = 0.30; SD daytime-SD, r = 0.34; nighttime-SD, r = 0.16; wSD, r = 0.30; CV 24-h, r = 0.24; ARV, r = 0.22. In the treated individuals: 24-h SD, r = 0.46; daytime-SD, r = 0.47; nighttime-SD, r = 0.35; wSD, r = 0.50; CV 24-h, r = 0.43; ARV, r = 0.37, all P < 0.001. Diastolic BPV demonstrated association with some measures of BPV. In suspected hypertensive group: nighttime-SD, r = 0.13; wSD, r = 0.10, both P < 0.001. And in treated individuals: daytime-SD, r = 0.23; wSD, r = 0.22; CV 24-h, r = 0.19 (all P < 0.001), ARV, r = 0.15 (P < 0.05). Systolic daytime-SD in suspected and diastolic CV 24-h in treated group independently predicted oPWV. CONCLUSION: We observed a positive and independent correlation between Mobil-O-Graph pulse wave velocity and BPV measures, strong to systolic BPV and weak to diastolic BP.

Elephant grass silage with addition of regional by-products

This study examines the effect of adding coffee husks (CH), cacao by-product (CBP) and passion fruit by-product (PBP) (fresh-matter basis) in the silage of elephant grass cv. Napier on nutritional characteristics. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement represented by three additives (CH, CBP or PBP) and four inclusion levels (0, 12, 24 or 36%). Four replicates were used per treatment. The material was ensiled in experimental mini-silos that were opened 60 days later for chemical analysis of the produced silages. The dry matter content of the silages with CH and PBP included at levels greater than 25% was adequate. The silage with PBP inclusion showed the highest crude protein levels and the best results for in vitro dry matter digestibility. In the silage containing CH, the neutral detergent fiber content decreased linearly with increasing inclusion of the husks. The silage with CBP showed the lowest dry matter and crude protein levels and the highest pH. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 36% PBP in the ensiling of elephant grass is recommended, as the resulting material has potential for use in ruminant feeding at times of forage scarcity.(AU)

Evaluation of three methods of suture for skin closure in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: There are several studies comparing techniques and different materials, yet the results are not unanimous. We compared three methods of skin closure in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including suture with single stitches and unabsorbable MonoNylon®, as well as continuous subcuticular suture with Monocryl® or barbed Stratafix® absorbable suture. METHODS: A prospective, randomized study was conducted with 63 patients undergoing TKA between March 2016 and December 2016. Patients were divided into three groups: traditional suture MonoNylon® (n 22), subcuticular continuous suture with Monocryl® (n 20), and another barbed with Stratafix® (n 21). The closure time, length of wire used, pain intensity, possible complications, and cosmeses were evaluated. RESULTS: Subcuticular continuous suture using Monocryl® was superior to traditional suture using MonoNylon® as less thread was used (p 0.01) and a better cosmetic effect was achieved (p < 0.01), which was equal to Stratafix® aspects analyzed (p > 0.05). Complications were observed mostly in patients who used Stratafix®. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that the subcuticular suture with absorbable monofilament Monocryl® proved to be advantageous compared to the others because it presented results equal to the barbed Stratafix®, however with fewer complications. Furthermore, Monocryl® was shown to be equal or superior to traditional MonoNylon® suture regarding in relation pain intensity, aesthetic result, and effective cost. TRIAL REGISTRATION: WHO ICTRP identifier RBR78dh5d. Retrospectively registered: 07/29/2020.

Genetic divergence for adaptability and stability in sugarcane: Proposal for a more accurate evaluation.

The best agro-industrial performance presented by a crop genotype in one environment may not be reproduced in another owing to complex edaphoclimatic variations. Therefore, breeding programs are constantly attempting to obtain, through artificial hybridization, novel genotypes with high adaptability and stability potential. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic divergence in sugarcane based on the genotypic values of adaptability and stability. A total of 11 sugarcane genotypes were analyzed for eight agro-industrial traits. The genotypic values of the traits were determined using mixed model methodology, and the genetic divergence based on phenotypic and genotypic values was measured using the Mahalanobis distance. The distance matrices were correlated using the Mantel test, and the genotypes were grouped using the Tocher method. Genetic divergence is more accurate when based on genotypic values free of genotype-environment interactions and will differ from genetic divergence based on phenotypic data, changing the genotype allocations in the groups. The above methodology can be applied to assess genetic divergence to obtain novel sugarcane genotypes with higher productivity that are adapted to intensive agricultural systems using diverse technologies. This methodology can also be tested in other crops to increase accuracy in selecting the parents to be crossed.

Energy value of babassu cake as substitute bulk in sheep diets / Valor energético da torta de babaçu em substituição ao volumoso na alimentação de ovinos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy value of diets containing babassu cake as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay (70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 g kg-¹ dry matter, DM), using the technique of indirect calorimetry. Twenty-five castrated male Santa Inês sheep, with an average body weight of 49.6 + 9.4 kg, were used in a completely randomised design. The trial was carried out in an individual open-flow respirometry chamber for small ruminants, with each animal remaining for 24 hours inside the chamber. Gross energy and net energy intake were not affected by adding the cake. Digestible energy intake and metabolisable energy intake showed a linear response, ranging from 145.44 to 178.40 and from 121.85 to 158.08 kcal kg-0.75 day-¹ respectively. The energy lost through faeces and methane (% of gross energy intake, GEI) showed decreasing linear behaviour, while the caloric increase, in %GEI, showed a quadratic response. The values for digestible energy and metabolisability presented an increasing linear response. The partial efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for maintenance ranged from 0.71 to 0.81, and showed a quadratic response; however, the net energy values did not differ. For every 10 g of added by-product, there was a reduction of 0.31 g of methane per kg of DM intake. The addition of babassu cake to replace up to 350 g kg-¹ DM in sheep diets increases the energy efficiency of the diet and reduces methane emission by the animals.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor energético de rações contendo torta de babaçu em substituição ao feno de Tifton-85 (70; 140; 210; 280 e 350 g kg-¹ de matéria seca, MS), pela técnica da calorimetria indireta. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos castrados, com peso corporal médio de 49,6 + 9,4 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O ensaio experimental foi realizado em câmara respirométrica individual de fluxo aberto para pequenos ruminantes, permanecendo cada animal por período de 24 horas no interior da câmara. Os consumos de energia bruta e energia líquida não foram influenciados pela inclusão da torta. Os consumos de energia digestível e energia metabolizável apresentaram resposta linear, variando de 145,44 a 178,40 e de 121,85 a 158,08 kcal kg-0,75 por dia, respectivamente. As perdas de energia pelas fezes e pelo metano (% do consumo da energia bruta, CEB) apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente, enquanto o incremento calórico, em %CEB, apresentou resposta quadrática. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizabilidade apresentaram respostas lineares crescentes. A eficiência parcial de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença variou entre 0,71 a 0,81, com resposta quadrática, porém os valores de energia líquida não diferiram. Para cada 10 g de inclusão de subproduto, houve redução de 0,31 g de metano por kg de MS consumida. A inclusão de torta de babaçu, em substituição ao volumoso, na ração de ovinos, em até 350 g kg-¹ MS, aumenta a eficiência energética da ração e reduz a emissão de metano pelos animais.(AU)

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.(AU)

Energy value of babassu cake as substitute bulk in sheep diets / Valor energético da torta de babaçu em substituição ao volumoso na alimentação de ovinos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy value of diets containing babassu cake as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay (70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 g kg-¹ dry matter, DM), using the technique of indirect calorimetry. Twenty-five castrated male Santa Inês sheep, with an average body weight of 49.6 + 9.4 kg, were used in a completely randomised design. The trial was carried out in an individual open-flow respirometry chamber for small ruminants, with each animal remaining for 24 hours inside the chamber. Gross energy and net energy intake were not affected by adding the cake. Digestible energy intake and metabolisable energy intake showed a linear response, ranging from 145.44 to 178.40 and from 121.85 to 158.08 kcal kg-0.75 day-¹ respectively. The energy lost through faeces and methane (% of gross energy intake, GEI) showed decreasing linear behaviour, while the caloric increase, in %GEI, showed a quadratic response. The values for digestible energy and metabolisability presented an increasing linear response. The partial efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for maintenance ranged from 0.71 to 0.81, and showed a quadratic response; however, the net energy values did not differ. For every 10 g of added by-product, there was a reduction of 0.31 g of methane per kg of DM intake. The addition of babassu cake to replace up to 350 g kg-¹ DM in sheep diets increases the energy efficiency of the diet and reduces methane emission by the animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor energético de rações contendo torta de babaçu em substituição ao feno de Tifton-85 (70; 140; 210; 280 e 350 g kg-¹ de matéria seca, MS), pela técnica da calorimetria indireta. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos da raça Santa Inês, machos castrados, com peso corporal médio de 49,6 + 9,4 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O ensaio experimental foi realizado em câmara respirométrica individual de fluxo aberto para pequenos ruminantes, permanecendo cada animal por período de 24 horas no interior da câmara. Os consumos de energia bruta e energia líquida não foram influenciados pela inclusão da torta. Os consumos de energia digestível e energia metabolizável apresentaram resposta linear, variando de 145,44 a 178,40 e de 121,85 a 158,08 kcal kg-0,75 por dia, respectivamente. As perdas de energia pelas fezes e pelo metano (% do consumo da energia bruta, CEB) apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente, enquanto o incremento calórico, em %CEB, apresentou resposta quadrática. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizabilidade apresentaram respostas lineares crescentes. A eficiência parcial de uso da energia metabolizável para mantença variou entre 0,71 a 0,81, com resposta quadrática, porém os valores de energia líquida não diferiram. Para cada 10 g de inclusão de subproduto, houve redução de 0,31 g de metano por kg de MS consumida. A inclusão de torta de babaçu, em substituição ao volumoso, na ração de ovinos, em até 350 g kg-¹ MS, aumenta a eficiência energética da ração e reduz a emissão de metano pelos animais.