Antiviral combination regimens as rescue therapy in immunocompromised hosts with persistent COVID-19.

The management of severe/prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infections in immunocompromised hosts is still challenging. We describe nine patients with hematologic malignancies with a history of unsuccessful SARS-CoV-2 treatment receiving antiviral combination treatment for persistent infection at a tertiary hospital in central Italy (University Hospital of Careggi, Florence). Combination treatments consisted of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus molnupiravir (n = 4), nirmatrelvir/ritonavir plus remdesivir (n = 4) or remdesivir plus molnupiravir (n = 1) for 10 days, in some cases associated with sotrovimab. Combinations were generally well tolerated. One patient obtained viral clearance but died due to the underlying disease. In eight cases, clinical and virological success was confirmed by radiological follow-up. Antivirals combination is likely to become a mainstay in the future management of COVID-19 among immunocompromised patients, but knowledge in this field is still very limited and prospective studies on larger cohorts are urgently warranted.

SSRIs in the course of COVID-19 pneumonia: Evidence of effectiveness of antidepressants on acute inflammation. A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Relationships between inflammation and mood have been observed in terms of pro-inflammatory effects induced by depressive conditions and, in parallel, by an antidepressant-induced favorable effect on the recovery of inflammatory states. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs were hypothesized to improve the prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, a typical acute inflammation, in terms of decreased mortality rate and pro-inflammatory cytokine serum levels. METHODS: The medical records of COVID-19 pneumonia inpatients at Careggi University Hospital (Florence) were analyzed for prognosis and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) after admission for over a period of 22 months. Medical records of patients treated at admission and not discontinued until discharge with an SSRI or with vortioxetine were identified. Two groups, one treated with antidepressants, the other not treated, were evaluated according to the mentioned parameters. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The entire sample composed of 1236 records (recovered patients 77.1%, deceased patients 22.9%). The treated group (n = 107) had a better prognosis than the untreated group in spite of age and comorbidity both being greater than in the untreated group. Correspondingly, IL-6 levels in the treated group were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the levels in the untreated group, in every comparison. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of this study support the hypothesis of the favorable influence of some antidepressants on the prognosis of COVID-19, possibly mediated by IL-6 modulation. Reduction in acute inflammation induced by the action of antidepressants was confirmed.

Doubts and concerns about COVID-19 uncertainties on imaging data, clinical score, and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease affecting predominantly the respiratory apparatus with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. Chest CT is a crucial tool in diagnosing and evaluating the severity of pulmonary involvement through dedicated scoring systems. Nonetheless, many questions regarding the relationship of radiologic and clinical features of the disease have emerged in multidisciplinary meetings. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore such relationship throughout an innovative and alternative approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 550 patients (range 25-98 years; 354 males, mean age 66.1; 196 females, mean age 70.9) hospitalized for COVID-19 with available radiological and clinical data between 1 March 2021 and 30 April 2022. Radiological data included CO-RADS, chest CT score, dominant pattern, and typical/atypical findings detected on CT examinations. Clinical data included clinical score and outcome. The relationship between such features was investigated through the development of the main four frequently asked questions summarizing the many issues arisen in multidisciplinary meetings, as follows 1) CO-RADS, chest CT score, clinical score, and outcomes; 2) the involvement of a specific lung lobe and outcomes; 3) dominant pattern/distribution and severity score for the same chest CT score; 4) additional factors and outcomes. RESULTS: 1) If CT was suggestive for COVID, a strong correlation between CT/clinical score and prognosis was found; 2) Middle lobe CT involvement was an unfavorable prognostic criterion; 3) If CT score < 50%, the pattern was not influential, whereas if CT score > 50%, crazy paving as dominant pattern leaded to a 15% increased death rate, stacked up against other patterns, thus almost doubling it; 4) Additional factors usually did not matter, but lymph-nodes and pleural effusion worsened prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study outlined those radiological features of COVID-19 most relevant towards disease severity and outcome with an innovative approach.

Effectiveness of tocilizumab in hospitalized moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients: a real-life study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the clinical effectiveness of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in moderate-to-severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients and factors associated with clinical response. METHODS: Five hundred eight inpatients with moderate-to-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. TCZ effect in addition to standard medical therapy was evaluated in terms of death during hospital stay. Unadjusted and adjusted risk of mortality for TCZ treated patients versus TCZ untreated ones was estimated using robust Cox regression model. We considered the combination of TCZ and ICU as time-dependent exposure and created a model using duplication method to assess the TCZ effect in very severe COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: TCZ reduced death during hospital stay in the unadjusted model (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.33-0.88) and also in the adjusted model, although with loss of statistical significance (HR 0.72, 0.43-1.20). Better effectiveness was observed in patients with low SpO2/FiO2 ratio (HR 0.35, 0.21-0.61 vs. 1.61, 0.54-4.82, P<0.05), and, without statistical significance, in patients with high CRP (HR 0.51, 0.30-0.87 vs. 0.41, 0.12-1.37, P=NS) and high IL-6 (HR 0.49, 0.29-0.82 vs. 1.00, 0.28-3.55, P=NS). TCZ was effective in patients not admitted to ICU, both in the unadjusted (HR 0.33, 0.14-0.74) and in the adjusted (HR 0.39, 0.17-0.91) model but no benefit was observed in critical ICU-admitted patients both in the unadjusted (HR 0.66, 0.37-1.15) and in the adjusted model (HR 0.95, 0.54-1.68). CONCLUSIONS: Our real-life study suggests clinical efficacy of TCZ in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients but not in end-stage disease. Thus, to enhance TCZ effectiveness, patients should be selected before grave compromise of clinical conditions.

Careggi Re-Engineered Discharge project: standardize discharge and improve care coordination between healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: The hospital discharge process plays a key role in patient care. Careggi Re-Engineered Discharge (CaRED) aimed at establishing a meaningful relationship among general practitioners (GPs) and patients, throughout the discharge process. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to describe the activities and results in the period 2014-17 of the CaRED. METHODS: CaRED is a restructured discharge protocol, which foresees a different, more direct form of communication between hospital and GPs, enabled by an ad hoc electronic medical record. The 30-day hospital readmission rate and/or accesses to the emergency department were evaluated as proxy for effective communication. A pre-post survey was launched to assess the GPs' perceived quality, and patient and family satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 1549 hospitalizations were included, respectively, 717 in the pre and 832 in the post-intervention period. The 30-day hospital readmission rate decreased significantly in the post-intervention period (14.4% vs. 19.4%, χ2(1) = 8.03, P < 0.05).Eighty-two and 52 GPs participated, respectively, in the pre- and post-survey. In the post-phase the percentage of GPs declaring the discharge letter facilitated the communication on the admission causes (χ2(1) = 0.56, P = 0.03) and on what to do if conditions change (χ2(31) = 19.0, P < 0.01) significantly increased, as well as the perception of an easier contact with the hospitalist (χ2(3) = 19.6, P < 0.01).Two-hundred-eighty and 282 patients were enrolled in the pre- and post-survey. The level of understanding of key parts of the discharge letter (reason for hospitalization, post-discharge therapy, follow-up examinations and how to contact the hospital ward) improved significantly (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CaRED significantly improved the discharge process and became a benchmark for local improvements in communication patterns with GPs.

Use of the FebriDx point-of-care test for the exclusion of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in a population with acute respiratory infection during the second (COVID-19) wave in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the real-world accuracy of Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) detected by the rapid, point-of-care FebriDx test during the second-wave pandemic in Italy in patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and a clinical suspicion of COVID-19. DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, diagnostic accuracy study whereby hospitalized patients with ARI were consecutively enrolled in a single tertiary care center in Italy from August 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021. RESULTS: COVID-19 was diagnosed in 136/200 (68.0%) patients and Non-COVID-19 was diagnosed in 64/200 (32.0%) patients. COVID-19 patients were younger and had a lower Charlson comorbidity index compared to Non-COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). Concordance between FebriDx, MxA and rt-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 (gold standard) was good (k 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.99). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 97.8% [95% CI 93.7-99.5] and 95.3% [95% CI 86.9%-99.0%], respectively. FebriDx demonstrated a negative predictive value of 95.3% (95% CI 86.9-99.0) for an observed disease prevalence of 68%. CONCLUSIONS: FebriDx MxA showed high diagnostic accuracy to identify COVID-19 and could be considered as a real-time triage tool to streamline the management of suspected COVID-19 patients. FebriDx also detected bacterial etiology in Non-COVID-19 patients suggesting good performance to distinguish bacterial from viral respiratory infection.

Compassionate use of JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib for severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study.

Overwhelming inflammatory reactions contribute to respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19. Ruxolitinib is a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory properties. We report on a prospective, observational study in 34 patients with COVID-19 who received ruxolitinib on a compassionate-use protocol. Patients had severe pulmonary disease defined by pulmonary infiltrates on imaging and an oxygen saturation ≤ 93% in air and/or PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 mmHg. Median age was 80.5 years, and 85.3% had ≥ 2 comorbidities. Median exposure time to ruxolitinib was 13 days, median dose intensity was 20 mg/day. Overall survival by day 28 was 94.1%. Cumulative incidence of clinical improvement of ≥2 points in the ordinal scale was 82.4% (95% confidence interval, 71-93). Clinical improvement was not affected by low-flow versus high-flow oxygen support but was less frequent in patients with PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg. The most frequent adverse events were anemia, urinary tract infections, and thrombocytopenia. Improvement of inflammatory cytokine profile and activated lymphocyte subsets was observed at day 14. In this prospective cohort of aged and high-risk comorbidity patients with severe COVID-19, compassionate-use ruxolitinib was safe and was associated with improvement of pulmonary function and discharge home in 85.3%. Controlled clinical trials are necessary to establish efficacy of ruxolitinib in COVID-19.

Cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are lower in asymptomatic than symptomatic COVID-19 patients.

The characterization of cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is fundamental to understand COVID-19 progression and the development of immunological memory to the virus. In this study, we detected T-cells reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins M, S, and N, as well as serum virus-specific IgM, IgA, IgG, in nearly all SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, but not in healthy donors. Virus-reactive T cells exhibited signs of in vivo activation, as suggested by the surface expression of immune-checkpoint molecules PD1 and TIGIT. Of note, we detected antigen-specific adaptive immune response both in asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. More importantly, symptomatic patients displayed a significantly higher magnitude of both cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune response to the virus, as compared to asymptomatic individuals. These findings suggest that an uncontrolled adaptive immune response contribute to the development of the life-threatening inflammatory phase of the disease. Finally, this study might open the way to develop effective vaccination strategies.

Quantitative and qualitative alterations of circulating myeloid cells and plasmacytoid DC in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a new infectious disease (COVID-19) in which individuals can either remain asymptomatic or progress from mild to severe clinical conditions including acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. The immune mechanisms that potentially orchestrate the pathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection are complex and only partially understood. There is still paucity of data on the features of myeloid cells involved in this viral infection. For this reason, we investigated the different activation status profiles and the subset distribution of myeloid cells and their correlation with disease progression in 40 COVID-19 patients at different stages of disease. COVID-19 patients showed a decrease in the absolute number of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, different subset distribution of monocytes and different activation patterns of both monocytes and neutrophils, coupled to a significant reduction of HLA-DR monocyte levels. We found that some of these alterations are typical of all COVID-19 patients, while some others vary at different stages of the disease and correlate with biochemical parameters of inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that not only the lymphoid, but also the myeloid compartment, is severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Clinical risk score to predict in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Several physiological abnormalities that develop during COVID-19 are associated with increased mortality. In the present study, we aimed to develop a clinical risk score to predict the in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients, based on a set of variables available soon after the hospitalisation triage. SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of 516 patients consecutively admitted for COVID-19 to two Italian tertiary hospitals located in Northern and Central Italy were collected from 22 February 2020 (date of first admission) to 10 April 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients≥18 years admitted for COVID-19. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Simple clinical and laboratory findings readily available after triage were compared by patients' survival status ('dead' vs 'alive'), with the objective of identifying baseline variables associated with mortality. These were used to build a COVID-19 in-hospital mortality risk score (COVID-19MRS). RESULTS: Mean age was 67±13 years (mean±SD), and 66.9% were male. Using Cox regression analysis, tertiles of increasing age (≥75, upper vs <62 years, lower: HR 7.92; p<0.001) and number of chronic diseases (≥4 vs 0-1: HR 2.09; p=0.007), respiratory rate (HR 1.04 per unit increase; p=0.001), PaO2/FiO2 (HR 0.995 per unit increase; p<0.001), serum creatinine (HR 1.34 per unit increase; p<0.001) and platelet count (HR 0.995 per unit increase; p=0.001) were predictors of mortality. All six predictors were used to build the COVID-19MRS (Area Under the Curve 0.90, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.93), which proved to be highly accurate in stratifying patients at low, intermediate and high risk of in-hospital death (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19MRS is a rapid, operator-independent and inexpensive clinical tool that objectively predicts mortality in patients with COVID-19. The score could be helpful from triage to guide earlier assignment of COVID-19 patients to the most appropriate level of care.

Prompt Predicting of Early Clinical Deterioration of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Patients: Usefulness of a Combined Score Using IL-6 in a Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: The early identification of patients at risk of clinical deterioration is of interest considering the timeline of COVID-19 after the onset of symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of testing serum IL-6 and other serological and clinical biomarkers, to predict a short-term negative clinical course of patients with noncritical COVID-19. METHODS: A total of 208 patients with noncritical COVID-19 pneumonia at admission were consecutively enrolled. Clinical and laboratory findings obtained on admission were analyzed by using survival analysis and stepwise logistic regression for variable selection. Three-day worsening as outcome in a logistic model to generate a prognostic score was used. RESULTS: Clinical worsening occurred in 63 patients (16 = died; 39 = transferred to intensive care unit; 8 worsening of respiratory failure). Forty-five of them worsened within 3 days after admission. The risk of clinical worsening was progressively enhanced along with increasing quartiles of IL-6 levels. Multivariate analysis showed that IL-6 (P = .005), C-reactive protein (CRP) (P = .003), and SaO2/FiO2 (P = .014) were the best predictors for clinical deterioration in the first 3 days after admission. The combined score yielded an area under the curve = 0.88 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-0.93). A nomogram predicting the probability of 3-day worsening was generated. The score also showed good performance for 7-day and 14- or 21-day worsening and in predicting death occurring during all the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Combining IL-6, CRP, and SaO2/FiO2 in a score may help clinicians to identify on admission those patients with COVID-19 who are at high risk for a further 3-day clinical deterioration.

A prediction rule for early recognition of patients with candidemia in Internal Medicine: results from an Italian, multicentric, case-control study.

PURPOSE: Increasing prevalence of candidemia in Internal Medicine wards (IMWs) has been reported in recent years, but risk factors for candida bloodstream infection in patients admitted to IMW may differ from those known in other settings. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and define a prediction rule for the early recognition of the risk of candidemia in IMW inpatients. METHODS: This was a multicentric, retrospective, observational case-control study on non-neutropenic patients with candidemia admitted to IMWs of four large Italian Hospitals. Each eligible patient with candidemia (case) was matched to a control with bacteremia. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 300 patients (150 cases and 150 controls) were enrolled. The following factors were associated with an increased risk of candidemia and weighted to build a score: total parenteral nutrition (OR 2.45, p = 0.008; 1 point); central venous catheter (OR 2.19, p = 0.031; 1 point); peripherally inserted central catheter (OR 5.63, p < 0.0001; 3 points), antibiotic treatment prior (OR 2.06; p = 0.059; 1 point) and during hospitalization (OR2.38, p = 0.033; 1 point); neurological disability (OR 2.25, p = 0.01; 1 point); and previous hospitalization within 3 months (OR 1.56, p = 0.163; 1 point). At ROC curve analysis, a final score ≥ 4 showed 84% sensitivity, 76% specificity, and 80% accuracy in predicting the risk of candidemia. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed scoring system showed to be a simple and highly performing tool in distinguishing bloodstream infections due to Candida and bacteria in patients admitted to IMW. The proposed rule might help to reduce delay in empirical treatment and improve appropriateness in antifungal prescription in septic patients.

Independent risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with candidemia on Italian Internal Medicine Wards.

Candida is an increasing cause of bloodstream infection and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study is to analyze risk factors for short-term mortality in patients with bloodstream Candida spp. infections admitted to Internal Medicine Wards (IMWs). This was a retrospective case-control study between January 2012 and December 2014 from four University Hospitals in Italy, where patients with candidemia dying within 30 days from diagnosis were matched to control cases with candidemia who survived in the same period of time. Two-hundred and fifty cases of candidemia were registered during the 36 months of enrollment. Among these, 112 patients died (45%) within 30 days from the first blood culture's positivity for Candida spp. At multivariate analysis, septic shock [odds ratio (95% CI) = 2.919 (1.62-5.35), p < 0.001] and concomitant chronic kidney failure [odds ratio (95% CI) = 2.296 (1.07-5.12), p = 0.036] were independent predictors of mortality. Low-dose chronic steroid therapy was protective [odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.461 (0.25-0.83), p = 0.011).

Usefulness of procalcitonin in differentiating Candida and bacterial blood stream infections in critically ill septic patients outside the intensive care unit.

We aimed to explore the role of procalcitonin (PCT) for the diagnosis of Candida spp. bloodstream infections in a population of critically ill septic patients admitted to internal medicine units. This is a retrospective case-control study considering all cases of candidemia identified in three internal medicine units, from January 1st 2012 to May 31st 2016. For each case of candidemia, two patients with bacteremic sepsis were included in the study as control cases. The end point of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of PCT for the diagnosis of Candida spp. blood stream infections in patients with objectively documented sepsis. Sixty-four patients with candidemia and 128 controls with bacteremia were enrolled. Median and interquartile range (IQR) PCT values are significantly lower in patients with candidemia (0.73; IQR 0.26-1.85 ng/mL) than in those with bacteremia (4.48; IQR 1.10-18.26 ng/mL). At ROC curve analysis, values of PCT greater than 2.5 ng/mL had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.3% with an AUC of 0.76 (0.68-0.84 95% CI) for the identification of Candida spp. from blood cultures. At multivariate analysis, a PCT value <2.5 ng/mL showed an odds ratio of 8.57 (95% CI 3.09-23.70; p < 0.0001) for candidemia. In septic patients at risk of Candida infection, a PCT value lower than 2.5 ng/mL should raise the suspicion of candidemia, adding value for considering prompt initiation of antifungal therapy.

The classification of hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia and its implication on outcome: results from a prospective observational study in Internal Medicine.

The relevance of classifying hyperglycemic hospitalized subjects (HS) as known diabetes (D), newly discovered diabetes (ND), and stress hyperglycemia (SH) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay (LOS) of three different phenotypes of HS. Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) defined HS who were categorized into three groups: D; ND (no history of diabetes and HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol); SH (no history of diabetes and HbA1c <48 mmol/mol). The end points of the study were in-hospital mortality and LOS. Of 1447 consecutive enrolled subjects, the prevalence of HS was 28.6 % (415/1447), of these 71.6 % had D, 21.2 % SH, and 7.2 % ND, respectively. In-hospital death was 3.9 % in normoglycemic and 6.0 % in hyperglycemic subjects. Individuals with SH had an increased risk of in-hospital death (7.9 %) (HR 2.17, 95 % CI 1.18-4.9; p = 0.039), while this was not observed for D and ND patients. The mean LOS was greater in ND and SH subjects. Hyperglycemia is common, and is associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality and extension of hospital stay. HbA1c along with clinical history is a useful tool to identify subgroups of hyperglycemic hospitalized subjects. Individuals with SH have a longer LOS, and a double risk of in-hospital mortality. Additionally, identifying previously unknown diabetes represents a remarkable opportunity for prevention of diabetes-related acute and chronic complications.

Delirium in elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards.

A prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate the impact of delirium on geriatric inpatients in internal medical wards and to identify predisposing factors for the development of delirium. The study included all patients aged 65 years and older, who were consecutively admitted to the internal medicine wards of two public hospitals in Florence, Italy. On admission, 29 baseline risk factors were examined, cognitive impairment was evaluated by Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and prevalent delirium cases were diagnosed by Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Enrolled patients were evaluated daily with CAM to detect incident delirium cases. Among the 560 included patients, 19 (3 %) had delirium on admission (prevalent) and 44 (8 %) developed delirium during hospitalization (incident). Prevalent delirium cases were excluded from the statistical analysis. Incident delirium was associated with increased length of hospital stay (p < 0.01) and institutionalization (p < 0.01, OR 3.026). Multivariate analysis found that cognitive impairment on admission (p < 0.0002), diabetes (p < 0.05, OR 1.936), chronic kidney failure (p < 0.05, OR 2.078) and male gender (p < 0.05, OR 2.178) was significantly associated with the development of delirium during hospitalization. Results show that delirium impact is relevant to older patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards. The present study confirms cognitive impairment as a risk factor for incident delirium. The cognitive evaluation proved to be an important instrument to improve identification of patients at high risk for delirium. In this context, our study may contribute to improve application of preventive strategies.

Delirium is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia.

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common reason for hospitalization and death in elderly people. Many predictors of in-hospital outcome have been studied in the general population with CAP. However, data are lacking on the prognostic significance of conditions unique to older patients, such as delirium and the coexistence of multiple comorbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of in-hospital outcome in elderly patients hospitalized for CAP. In this retrospective study, consecutive patients with CAP aged ≥65 years were enrolled between January 2011 and June 2012 in two general wards. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were collected from electronic medical records. The end-point of the study was the occurrence of in-hospital death. 443 patients (mean age 81.8 ± 7.5, range 65-99 years) were enrolled. More than 3 comorbidities were present in 31 % of patients. Mean confusion, blood urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ≥65 years (CURB-65) score was 2.5 ± 0.7 points. Mean length of stay was 7.6 ± 5.7 days. In-hospital death occurred in 54 patients (12.2 %). At multivariate analysis, independent predictors of in-hospital death were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 6.21, p = 0.005), occurrence of at least one episode of delirium (OR 5.69, p = 0.017), male sex (OR 5.10, p < 0.0001), and CURB-65 score (OR 3.98, p < 0.0001). Several predictors of in-hospital death (COPD, male gender, CURB-65) in patients with CAP older than 65 years are similar to those of younger patients. In this cohort of elderly patients, the occurrence of delirium was highly prevalent and represented a distinctive predictor of death.

Thrombophilic mutations in high-risk atrial fibrillation patients: high prevalence of prothrombin gene G20210A polymorphism and lack of correlation with thromboembolism.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that results in a high risk of cerebral and peripheral embolism. Factor V Leiden and factor II G20210A variant are two leading conditions for venous thrombosis. The aim of our study was to find out whether these two common prothrombotic mutations play a role in the occurrence of embolic events in AF patients. We investigated 336 non-valvular AF patients and 336 healthy control subjects. Factor II G20210A variant was found in 24/336 patients (7.14%) and in 11/336 of control subjects (3.3%). At a multivariate analysis, factor II G20210A variant was independently associated to AF (OR 2.4 95% CI 1.1-5.2; p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of factor V Leiden in the two groups investigated [6/304 (2.0%) in patients vs 13/336 (3.9%) in controls (p=0.24)]. AF patients were separately analyzed in relation to the occurrence or absence of a cerebral or peripheral embolic event (200 with and 136 without embolic event). The prevalence of the two mutations among AF patients with and without an embolic event was similar [factor II G20210A polymorphism (7% and 7.3% respectively) and factor V Leiden (1.2% and 2.9%, respectively)]. No differences were found in relation to the type of embolic event. Our results suggest a possible relationship between the presence of prothrombin gene variant and AF per se.