ABSTRACT
Although gambling is forbidden for minors, the prevalence of gambling among adolescents is increasing. In order to improve preventive interventions, more evidence on predictors of gambling onset is needed. A longitudinal study was proposed to (1) establish the prevalence of gambling; (2) identify factors associated with gambling behavior the following year; and (3) adjust a model to predict gambling behavior. A cohort of 1074 students (13-18 years old) was followed for 12 months. The prevalence of gambling reached 42.0% in the second measure. Boys gambled 2.7 times more than girls, and the highest percentages of gambling onset showed up between 13 and 14 years old. Gambling onset and maintenance was associated with gender, age, sensation-seeking, risk perception, self-efficacy for not gambling, parents' attitude towards gambling, group pressure (friends), subjective norm, exposure to advertising, accessibility, normative perception, gambling in T1 and parents gambling behavior. Gender, gambling in T1 and risk perception were significant in all three logistic adjusted regression models, with the fourth variable being sensation seeking, peer pressure (friends) and accessibility, respectively. It is suggested that universal prevention should be aimed preferably at children under 15 years old and to alert regulators and public administrations to the directly proportional relationship between accessibility and gambling onset.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Gambling , Adolescent , Female , Friends , Gambling/epidemiology , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , StudentsABSTRACT
Presenteeism is a hazardous behaviour that may have personal and organizational consequences. The main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between presenteeism and job satisfaction and evaluate the role of overcommitment as a mediator and the role of work-related and personal bullying as moderators in these relationships. Results from 377 subjects showed that presenteeism and overcommitment are positively related to job satisfaction, with overcommitment being a mediator in the relationships. These relationships are moderated by work-related bullying but not by personal bullying. The findings are discussed, and implications, future research pathways, and limitations are noted.
Subject(s)
Bullying , Presenteeism , Workplace , Humans , Job Satisfaction , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Integrating predictions from the theory of human values with the theory of planned behavior (TPB), our primary goal is to investigate mechanisms through which individual values are related to entrepreneurial career intentions using a sample of 823 students from four European countries. We find that openness and self-enhancement values relate positively to entrepreneurial career intentions and that these relationships are partly mediated by attitudes toward entrepreneurship, self-efficacy, and, to a lesser extent, by social norms. Values and TPB constructs partially mediated cross-country differences in entrepreneurial intentions. Spanish students showed lower entrepreneurial intentions as compared to Dutch, German, and Polish students, which could be traced back to lower self-enhancement values (power and achievement), less positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and differences in social norms.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.
ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.
Subject(s)
Organizations/organization & administration , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
In the present study, we examined an exploratory model to assess the relationship between transformational leadership and group potency and analyze the mediating role of group identification and cohesion. The research was conducted with squads of the Spanish Army. The sample was composed of 243 members of 51 squads of operational units. Our findings highlighted the importance of the transformational leadership style of command of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) due to its positive relationship with the group potency of the squad. We also analyzed the indirect relationships between transformational leadership and group identification and group cohesion and found that the latter variables played a mediating role between transformational leadership and group potency. The conclusions of this study are relevant due to the growing importance of transformational leadership and actions implemented at lower levels of the command chain for the success of missions of security organizations and defense (AU)
En el presente estudio se examina un modelo exploratorio que evalúa la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y potencia del grupo donde se analiza el papel mediador de la identificación de grupo y la cohesión grupal. La investigación se realizó con pelotones del ejército español. La muestra se compuso de 243 miembros de 51 pelotones de unidades operativas. Se destacan de los resultados la importancia del estilo de liderazgo transformacional en el mando de los suboficiales debido a su relación positiva con la potencia de grupo. Se analizaron las relaciones indirectas entre variables existiendo un papel mediador de la identificación y la cohesión entre liderazgo transformacional y la potencia del grupo. Las conclusiones de este estudio son relevantes debido a la importancia del liderazgo transformacional para ser ejercido en los niveles más básicos de la cadena de mando con objeto de obtener éxito en las misiones asignadas a las organizaciones de defensa y seguridad (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Leadership , Employee Incentive Plans/organization & administration , Employee Incentive Plans , Job Satisfaction , Organizational Innovation , Psychology, Industrial/methods , Psychology, Industrial/instrumentation , Psychology, Industrial/organization & administration , Psychology, Industrial/standards , Regression Analysis , EffectivenessABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.
The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.
El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Students/psychology , Universities , Reproducibility of Results , Entrepreneurship , IntentionABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.
The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.
El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Students/psychology , Universities , Reproducibility of Results , Entrepreneurship , IntentionABSTRACT
O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.
The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.
El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Students/psychology , Universities , Reproducibility of Results , Entrepreneurship , IntentionABSTRACT
The promotion of a flexibility-oriented organizational culture, based on support and innovation, may provide a great value in todays competitive economy. This type of organizational culture may be a breeding ground for authentic leadership, which, in turn, has positive effects on employees attitudes. This study examines how flexibility-oriented organizational cultures facilitate positive outcomes at the employee level through its impact on authentic leadership. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data from 571 employees belonging to several Spanish private organizations. The results show that authentic leadership partially mediates the positive relationship between flexibility-oriented organizational cultures and employees job satisfaction. These findings advance theory on the integration of organizational culture in authentic leadership research and provide guidelines for improving employees job satisfaction (AU)
La promoción de una cultura organizacional orientada a la flexibilidad, basada en el apoyo y la innovación, puede ser valiosa en la economía competitiva actual. Este tipo de cultura organizacional se presenta como el caldo de cultivo para el liderazgo auténtico, el cual, a su vez, tiene efectos positivos en las actitudes de los trabajadores. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar cómo la orientación de flexibilidad en las culturas organizacionales facilita resultados positivos en los trabajadores a través de su impacto en el liderazgo auténtico. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión múltiple para analizar los datos de 571 empleados españoles. Los resultados muestran que el liderazgo auténtico media parcialmente la relación entre las culturas orientadas a la flexibilidad y la satisfacción laboral. Este estudio contribuye a la extensión teórica de la investigación sobre el liderazgo a través de la integración de la cultura organizacional en la investigación sobre liderazgo auténtico y proporciona claves para mejorar la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Organizational Culture , Efficiency, Organizational/standards , Job Satisfaction , Organizational Innovation , Leadership , Psychology, Industrial , Psychology, Industrial/methods , Psychology, Industrial/trends , Innovation and Development Policy , Occupational Health Services , 16054/psychology , Psychology, Industrial/organization & administration , Psychology, Industrial/standardsABSTRACT
Los meta-análisis sobre la Teoría de la conducta planificada (TCP) no se han aplicado al abandono del tabaco pese a que progresivamente se incrementa el número de estudios primarios. Nosotros llevamos a cabo un meta-análisis de 121 tamaños del efecto (ES) sobre la TCP y el abandono del tabaco y examinamos las influencias de cuatro potenciales variables moderadoras. Se obtuvieron ES globales con valores medios (ES = .28 para intenciónconducta, ES = .33 para control percibido-intención, ES = .29 para norma subjetiva-intención) o grandes (ES = .40 para actitud-intención). Los resultados de los análisis de moderadores mostraron que el intervalo de tiempo entre intención y conducta, la correspondencia de la escala, y la edad de los participantes moderaban el ES. Finalmente, la matriz de correlaciones conjunta fue usada como entrada para análisis de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), poniendo a prueba un modelo más amplio. La TCP explica efectivamente la intención y la conducta de dejar de fumar (AU)
Meta-analyses of the Theory of Planned Behavior have not been applied to smoking cessation despite that progressively increases the number of primary studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of 121 effect sizes (ES) on Theory of Planned Behavior and smoking cessation and examined the influences of four potential moderator variables. Global ES have been obtained, with medium (ES = .28 for intention-behaviour, ES = .33 for perceived control-intention, ES = .29 for subjective norm-intention) or large (ES = .40 for attitude-intention) values. Results of moderator analyses showed that time interval between intention and behaviour; scale correspondence, and participants' age moderated the ES. Finally, the pooled correlation matrix has been used as an input for structural equation model analyses (SEM), testing a wider model. The theory effectively explained smoking cessation intention and behaviour (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/therapy , Tobacco Use Cessation/methods , Psychotherapy/methods , Attitude , Patient Compliance/psychology , Patient Selection , Predictive Value of TestsABSTRACT
En este estudio se describe el concepto de liderazgo auténtico y la validación de un cuestionario para medirlo en una muestra de más de 600 empleados españoles. Este cuestionario mide cuatro componentes diferentes, aunque relacionados entre sí, del concepto más amplio de liderazgo auténtico. Estos componentes son conciencia de sí mismo, transparencia en las relaciones, procesamiento equilibrado y moral internalizada. Los resultados obtenidos a través del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron que la versión española del cuestionario presenta una alta fiabilidad y validez concurrente para una serie de variables asociadas al liderazgo como son la efectividad percibida del líder, el esfuerzo extra de los seguidores y la satisfacción con el líder (AU)
This study presents the validation of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) in a sample of more than 600 Spanish employees. This questionnaire measures four distinct but related substantive components of authentic leadership. These components are: self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective. Structural equation modeling confirmed that the Spanish version of ALQ has high reliability and predictive validity for important leadership outputs such as perceived effectiveness of leadership, followers extra effort and satisfaction with the leader (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Leadership , Translating , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Data Analysis , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
To examine if the theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts smoking behavior, 35 data sets (N = 267,977) have been synthesized, containing 219 effect sizes between the model variables, using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach (MASEM). Consistent with the TPB's predictions, 1) smoking behavior was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = 0.30), 2) intentions were based on attitudes (weighted mean r = 0.16), and subjective norms (weighted mean r = 0.20). Consistent with TPB's hypotheses, perceived behavioral control was related to smoking intentions (weighted mean r = -0.24) and behaviors (weighted mean r = -0.20) and it contributes significantly to cigarette consumption. The strength of the associations, however, was influenced by the characteristics of the studies and participants.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio es doble. Primero, examinar las relaciones entre la identificación organizacional e identificación con el grupo con el acoso en el trabajo. Segundo, analizar el papel mediador del apoyo social percibido desde diferentes fuentes organizacional y grupal- en las relaciones entre la identificación y el acoso. Usando una muestra de 388 enfermeros españoles encontramos apoyo parcial para nuestras hipótesis. Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales muestran que la identificación grupal y organizacional son predictoras negativas de las conductas de acoso. Más aún, los resultados prueban que el apoyo grupal percibido media parcialmente las relaciones entre la identificación grupal y el acoso. Al mismo tiempo, el apoyo organizacional percibido falla en la mediación de la relación entre identificación organizacional y acoso. Estos resultados validan y expanden los hallazgos previos sobre la identificación organizacional y las conductas en el trabajo(AU)
The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to examine the relationships between organizational identification and group identification with work harassment. Second, to analyze the mediator role of perceived social support from different sources- organizational and group- into the identification and harassment relationships. Using a sample of 388 Spanish nurses we found partial support for our hypotheses. Structural Equation modeling analyses showed that organizational identification and group identification were negative predictors of harassment behaviors. Moreover, results proved that perceived group support partially mediated the group identification-harassment relation. At the same time, perceived organizational support failed to mediate the organizational identification- harassment relation. These results validated and expanded the previous research on organizational identification and work related behaviors(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Behavior , Ego , Burnout, Professional/epidemiology , Social Support , Burnout, Professional/psychology , 16360 , Nurses/psychologyABSTRACT
Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la identificación con la organización en el desarrollo de la conducta intraemprendedora (Intrapreneurial Behavior, IB) de sus miembros. Para ello, se pone a prueba un modelo psicosocial, según el cuál, la influencia de los factores de la organización (apoyo de la dirección, libertad en el trabajo, empleo de recompensas, tiempo disponible e incertidumbre en las tareas) sobre la IB está mediada por el grado de identificación organizacional. La muestra utilizada para este estudio estaba formada por 618 trabajadores, pertenecientes a 120 diferentes organizaciones tanto públicas como privadas, que rellenaron un cuestionario anónimo. El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Los resultados obtenidos confirman la validez del modelo propuesto y el papel de la identificación organizacional como variable mediadora de los efectos de los factores organizacionales. Por lo tanto, si la persona se identifica con la organización en la que trabaja, es más probable que asuma riesgos y realice innovaciones que reviertan en el beneficio de toda la organización(AU)
This study aims to analyse the influence of Organizational Identification on employees Intrapreneurial Behavior (IB). For this purpose, we tested a psychosocial model which explains the influence of organizational factors (management support, work discretion, rewards, time availability and task uncertainty) on IB through the mediation of organizational identification. The sample consists of 618 employees from several governmental and private organizations. They filled out an anonymous questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The results confirm the validity of the model proposed and the role of organizational identification as a mediator variable of organizational factors effects. Therefore, if a person identifies him or her self with the organization where he or she works, it is more likely that he or she takes risks and pursues innovative actions that will be to the advantage of the whole organization(AU)
