Subclinical Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 by Strain: A 30-Day Echocardiographic Follow-Up.

Background and Objectives: Available studies confirm myocardial injury and its association with mortality in patients with COVID-19, but few data have been reported from echocardiographic studies. The aim of this study was to identify subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by global longitudinal strain (GLS) and its evolution in the short term in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one consecutive noncritical patients admitted for COVID-19 were included. Information on demographics, laboratory results, comorbidities, and medications was collected. Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed using a Philips Affinity 50, at the acute stage and at a 30-day follow-up. Automated left ventricular GLS was measured using a Philips Qlab 13.0. A GLS of <-15.9% was defined as abnormal. Results: The mean age was 65 ± 15.2 years, and 61.3% of patients were male. Nine patients (29%) had elevated levels of high-sensitivity troponin I. Left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved in all; however, 11 of them (35.5%) showed reduced GLS. These patients had higher troponin levels (median, 23.7 vs. 3.2 ng/L; p < 0.05) and NT-proBNP (median, 753 vs. 81 pg/mL; p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that myocardial injury, defined as increased troponin, was significantly associated with GLS values (coefficient B; p < 0.05). Follow-up at 30 days showed an improvement in GLS values in patients with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction (-16.4 ± 2.07% vs. -13.2 ± 2.40%; p < 0.01), without changes in the normal GLS group. Conclusions: Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction is common in noncritical hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (one in every three patients), even with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. This impairment tends to be reversible on clinical recovery.

Home-based prehabilitation improves physical conditions measured by ergospirometry and 6MWT in colorectal cancer patients: a randomized controlled pilot study.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Prehabilitation aims to improve physical condition in the preoperative period and, therefore, decrease the loss of cardiopulmonary capacity postoperatively, with the aim of reducing complications and promoting an early recovery. This study aims to evaluate the impact of home-based prehabilitation on the physical condition of patients treated surgically for colorectal cancer. METHODS: A prospective and randomized clinical study was conducted on 60 patients during two periods from October 2018 to February 2019 and from September 2019 to September 2020, in a single university hospital. Patients were randomized into two study groups (30 per group): prehabilitation vs. standard care. Changes in physical condition, measured at diagnosis, the day before surgery, and at 6-8 weeks after surgery using the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were evaluated. RESULTS: Prehabilitation reduced postoperative complications (17.4% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.22) and hospital stay (5.74 vs. 6.67 days, p = 0.30). 6MWT showed a significant improvement in the prehabilitation group (+78.9 m). Six weeks after surgery, prehabilitation showed a significant improvement in the 6MWT (+68.9 m vs. -27.2 m, p = 0.01). Significant differences were also observed in the ergospirometry between the diagnosis and postoperative study (+0.79 METs vs. -0.84 METs, p = 0.001). A strong correlation was observed between CPET and 6MWT (0.767 (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSION: Home prehabilitation achieved lower overall postoperative complications than standard care and reached significant improvements in 6MWT and CET. A strong correlation was observed between CET and 6MWT, which allows validation of 6MWT as a valid and reliable measure of functional exercise capacity in colorectal patients when other, more specific and expensive tests are not available. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov in August 2018 with registration number https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03618329?cond=Prehabilitation%20cancer&term=arroyo&distance=50&rank=1  (NCT03618329). Initial results published in Supportive Care in Cancer: Effect of home-based prehabilitation in an enhanced recovery after surgery program for patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06343-1 .

Approach to Patients with Obesity and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Primary Care Using the Delphi Methodology.

BACKGROUND: Implementing preventive strategies for patients with obesity would improve the future burden of cardiovascular diseases. The objective was to present the opinions of experts on the approach to treating patients with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors from a primary care perspective in Spain; Methods: Using the Delphi technique, a 42-question questionnaire was developed based on results from the scientific literature, and sent to 42 experts in primary care. Two rounds of participation were held; Results: There is a close relationship between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among primary care physicians. It is necessary to use a checklist in primary care that includes metabolic parameters such as body mass index, waist circumference, and levels of C-reactive protein and ferritin. It is also useful to combine pharmacological treatment, such as liraglutide, with a change in lifestyle to achieve therapeutic goals in this population; Conclusions: There is a high level of awareness among experts in Spain regarding obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, and the need to address this pathology comprehensively. The need to incorporate specific tools in primary care consultations that allow for better assessment and follow-up of these patients, such as cuffs adapted to arm size or imaging techniques to assess body fat, is evident. Teleconsultation is imposed as a helpful tool for follow-up. Experts recommend that patients with obesity and associated comorbidities modify their lifestyle, incorporate a Mediterranean diet, and administer liraglutide.

Utilidad clínica del índice tobillo-brazo en el paciente con enfermedad coronaria / Clinical usefulness of ankle-brachial index in patients with coronary disease

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Valor pronóstico de la enfermedad arterial periférica en la cardiopatía isquémica / Prognostic implications of peripheral arterial disease for ischemic heart disease

La aterosclerosis es un proceso fisiopatológico progresivo que puede afectar simultáneamente a múltiples territorios vasculares y tiene origen en diversos factores como la diabetes mellitus, el tabaquismo, la hipertensión arterial o la dislipemia. Consecuentemente, la coexistencia de enfermedad arterial coronaria y enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es frecuente. Recientemente se han publicado datos que indican que la EAP en el paciente con enfermedad coronaria podría implicar un pronóstico peor que el meramente establecido por los factores de riesgo clásicos. Éstos señalan a la EAP como un marcador de riesgo independiente en los distintos subgrupos de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. Por lo tanto, la criba de EAP mediante el índice tobillo-brazo en esta población parece un paso obligado para detectar a pacientes en mayor riesgo e intensificar en ellos las medidas preventivas y terapéuticas de que disponemos (AU)

Atherosclerosis is a progressive pathophysiologic process that can simultaneously affect a number of different vascular beds and that can be caused by a range of factors such as diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Consequently, coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) frequently coexist. Recently published data suggest that the presence of PAD in a patient with coronary artery disease implies a poorer prognosis than would be expected from classical risk factors alone. These findings indicate that PAD is an independent risk factor in different subgroups of patients with ischemic heart disease. Consequently, early diagnosis of PAD in these patients by measuring the ankle-brachial index would appear to be an essential step in identifying those at a high risk and in bringing about an increase in the use of currently available preventive and therapeutic measures in these patients (AU)

[Last developments on hypertension]. / Ultimas novedades en hipertensión arterial.

The following article reviews some of the most recent data that have come to light in the field of hypertension during the last year, including the long lasting controversy USA/Europe on the definition and treatment of hypertension, the importance of the interrelationship hypertension/sleep apnea syndrome, to conclude by discussing some of the most compelling implications of the main trials that have been published during the last few months.

Últimas novedades en hipertensión arterial / Last Developments on Hypertension

En el presente artículo se revisan las principales novedades en el campo de la hipertensión arterial publicadas en el último año. Abarcan desde aspectos muy polémicos, como ha sido la diferente orientación diagnóstica y terapéutica entre las principales guías de las sociedades americana y europea, la emergente importancia del binomio hipertensión arterial y síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y, finalmente, los resultados de los principales estudios publicados durante el año 2005 (AU)

The following article reviews some of the most recent data that have come to light in the field of hypertension during the last year, including the long lasting controversy USA/Europe on the definition and treatment of hypertension, the importance of the interrelationship hypertension/sleep apnea syndrome, to conclude by discussing some of the most compelling implications of the main trials that have been published during the last few months (AU)

Mitochondrial changes induced by trimetazidine in the myocardium.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to assess the effect of trimetazidine (TMZ) on mitochondrial alterations induced in a canine model of brief, repeated episodes of ischemia. MATERIAL/METHODS: Twelve crossbred dogs were analyzed, after double-blind randomization, to a 7-day treatment with either TMZ or placebo. Twenty brief, complete occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery were performed. Mitochondrial analysis entailed a qualitative (percentage of mitochondrial damage, merging, pairing, vacuoles, and lipofucsin granules) and a quantitative size analysis (major and minor axes, perimeter, and area) of the mitochondria in the ischemic and control zones. RESULTS: Comparative study of the control zones revealed an increase in lipofucsin granules in the TMZ series and a greater percentage of damaged mitochondria and vacuoles. The control-zone mitochondria treated with TMZ presented a significant increase in the perimeter and major axis and a decrease in the minor axis (p<0.005). No significant differences were found between the series in the qualitative analysis of mitochondrial damage in the ischemic zone. The mitochondria in the TMZ series presented a greater major axis and perimeter than those in the placebo series (p<0.05), which presented a smaller minor axis. CONCLUSIONS: TMZ made the mitochondria adopt an elongated, "rod-like" morphology in both the control and ischemic zones. This is interpreted as an increase in the membrane surface. In the non-ischemic zone, TMZ produced an increase in mitochondrial turnover. There were no differences in the myocardium subjected to ischemia in both series in terms of observable mitochondrial damage.

Hipertensión arterial y riesgo cardiovascular en el año 2004 / Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in 2004

En la presente revisión se analizan los avances más relevantes publicados durante el último año en el campo de la hipertensión arterial (HTA), prestando un especial interés a los últimos ensayos clínicos que vienen a confirmar un concepto clásico ya conocido, en el que lo más importante en el tratamiento del paciente hipertenso es conseguir el control de las cifras de presión arterial y que, únicamente cuando ello se ha alcanzado, se ponen de manifiesto los efectos beneficiosos adicionales de determinados grupos terapéuticos antihipertensivos, como son los fármacos que bloquean el eje renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. Asimismo, se analiza la información pronóstica que nos aporta un procedimiento tan sencillo e incruento como es el índice tobillo-brazo en la valoración cardiovascular de los pacientes, sin olvidar la importancia creciente del hiperaldosteronismo primario como etiología de la HTA. Finalmente, se remarcan los aspectos más novedosos publicados respecto de la asociación entre la diabetes y la HTA y los efectos potenciales del bloqueo del receptor activador de la proliferación de peroxisomas gamma en la prevención cardiovascular (AU)

We review the latest and most relevant papers published this year about hypertension, focusing special interest in the clinical trials. All these studies reaffirm the classic topic that the main objective in a hypertensive patient is to achieve an accurate control of blood pressure. Anti hypertensive treatment with ACEIs or ARB, acting through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway shows beneficial effect only after lowering blood pressure. We also analyze the prognostic information provided by the ankle brachial index for cardiovascular assessment and the growing interest in the primary aldosteronism as a cause of hypertension. Finally, we remark the latest issues regarding the association between diabetes mellitus and hypertension and the effects of PPAR-γ blockers for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (AU)

[Prognostic value of fibrinogen in patients admitted with suspected unstable angina and non-q-wave myocardial infarction]. / Valor pronóstico del fibrinógeno en pacientes ingresados con sospecha de angina inestable o infarto de miocardio sin onda Q.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: In recent years, the relation between biological markers of inflammation and prognosis in patients suffering from acute coronary syndromes has been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between baseline fibrinogen concentrations and the development of clinical events in patients admitted with suspicion of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Levels of fibrinogen at enrollment were analyzed in 325 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndromes. Fibrinogen values were divided into tertiles and the incidence of clinical events was evaluated at each level. The combination of death and/or myocardial infarction was the main endpoint. RESULTS: Fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in patients who subsequently had myocardial infarction, cardiac death, or both during follow up. The probabilities of death and/or myocardial infarction were 6%, 13%, and 29% (p < 0.0001), respectively, in patients grouped by fibrinogen tertiles (304, 305-374 and 375 mg/dl). Multivariate predictors of combined events were age, previous angina, ST-segment depression in the admission ECG, and fibrinogen into tertiles. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for patients in the upper tertile was 4.8 (1.6-14; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: High fibrinogen levels were related to a less favorable long-term or short-term outcome in patients admitted for suspicion of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. This association persists after adjustment for other classical risk factors such as age, prior angina, and ST-segment depression in the ECG.

Valor pronóstico del fibrinógeno en pacientes ingresados con sospecha de angina inestable o infarto de miocardio sin onda Q / Prognostic value of fibrinogen in patients admitted with suspected unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction

Introducción y objetivo. Durante los últimos años se ha investigado la relación entre los marcadores biológicos de inflamación y el pronóstico en pacientes con síndromes coronarios agudos. Nuestro objetivo ha sido analizar la asociación entre las concentraciones plasmáticas de fibrinógeno y la aparición de episodios clínicos en pacientes ingresados con sospecha de angina inestable o IAM no Q. Material y método. Analizamos el fibrinógeno al ingreso en 325 pacientes consecutivos ingresados con sospecha de síndrome coronario agudo. Los valores de fibrinógeno se dividieron en terciles y se evaluó la incidencia de episodios en cada estrato. Se realizó un seguimiento medio de 15 meses considerando como episodio principal el combinado de muerte y/o IAM. Resultados. Los valores de fibrinógeno fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes que presentaron IAM, muerte de causa cardíaca o el episodio combinado durante el seguimiento. El porcentaje de episodio combinado fue del 6, el 13 y el 29 por ciento (p < 0,0001) en pacientes estratificados por terciles de fibrinógeno (304, 305-374 y 375 mg/dl). Los predictores multivariados de episodio combinado fueron la edad, la angina previa, el descenso del segmento ST y el fibrinógeno en terciles. Un valor de fibrinógeno en el tercil superior se asoció al episodio con una hazard ratio de 4,8 (IC del 95 por ciento, 1,6-14; p = 0,004). Conclusiones. Los valores elevados de fibrinógeno se asocian con un peor pronóstico a corto y largo plazo en pacientes ingresados con sospecha de angina inestable o IAM no Q. La asociación se mantiene tras ajustar por factores de riesgo clásicos como la edad, la angina previa y el descenso del segmento ST al ingreso. (AU)

[Antithrombotic treatment in hypertensive patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. CARDIOTENS 99 study]. / Empleo de fármacos antitrombóticos en pacientes hipertensos con fibrilación auricular crónica. Estudio CARDIOTENS 99.

BACKGROUND: Our main goals were to know the actual degree of oral anticoagulation and antiaggregation in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation in the daily clinical practice in Spain and to analyze any differences between primary care physicians and cardiologists. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 32,051 outpatients attended the same day by 1,159 physicians (21% cardiologists) were prospectively included in a database taking into account a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation, demographic data and ongoing treatments. RESULTS: Hypertension was detected in 10,555 patients and 999 of them had both hypertension and atrial fibrillation (9.46%: 435 males [44%] and 564 females [56%]). 53% patients were attended by primary care physicians and the rest by cardiologists. 33% of hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation were on oral anticoagulation: 41% of them attended by cardiologists and 26% by primary care physicians (p < 0.05). These differences persisted when the patients were compared on the basis of their age. 39% of hypertensive patients were on oral antiaggregation treatment, without differences in both groups except for those aged less than 65 years who were found to receive more antiaggregation in primary care (36% vs 24%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients is about 10%; there is a suboptimal degree of utilization of oral anticoagulation, which is more evident in patients attended by primary care physicians; elderly patients (> 80 years-old) were found to receive less anticoagulants and more antiaggregants both in primary health-care and cardiology health-care.

Empleo de fármacos antitrombóticos en pacientes hipertensos con fibrilación auricular crónica. Estudio CARDIOTENS 99 / Antithrombotic treatment in hypertensive patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. CARDIOTENS 99 study

FUNDAMENTO: El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer el grado real de anticoagulación y antiagregación de la fibrilación auricular crónica en los pacientes hipertensos en la práctica diaria en España y analizar si existen diferencias entre el médico de atención primaria y el especialista en cardiología. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal de ámbito estatal en el que se han registrado de forma prospectiva en un cuestionario uniformado los datos demográficos, clínicos y terapéuticos de todos los pacientes atendidos en un mismo día concreto entre junio y septiembre de 1999 por 1.159 médicos (el 21 por ciento, cardiólogos). El análisis estadístico se ha realizado mediante el test de la 2. RESULTADOS: La muestra está formada por 32.501 pacientes, de los cuales 10.555 eran hipertensos y de ellos 999 presentaban fibrilación auricular (prevalencia del 9,46 por ciento), distribuidos en 435 varones (44 por ciento) y 564 mujeres (56 por ciento). El 53 por ciento provenía de la consulta de atención primaria (532 pacientes) y el resto de la consulta de cardiología (467). El porcentaje global de uso de anticoagulantes fue del 33 por ciento, distribuidos en un 41 por ciento en los pacientes atendidos por el cardiólogo y un 26 por ciento en los atendidos por el médico de atención primaria (p < 0,05). Estas diferencias en el porcentaje de utilización de los anticoagulantes persisten cuando se compara a los pacientes en función de la edad. El porcentaje global de tratamiento con antiagregantes fue del 39 por ciento, similar en ambas consultas. En el análisis por edad únicamente existían diferencias significativas en los menores de 65 años, donde el porcentaje de utilización de antiagregantes fue superior en la consulta de atención primaria (el 36 por ciento frente al 24 por ciento; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de fibrilación auricular en el paciente con HTA está cercana al 10 por ciento. El grado de utilización de anticoagulantes en estos pacientes es subóptimo, más evidente en el grupo atendido por atención primaria. La edad mayor de 80 años condiciona una menor utilización de anticoagulantes y un mayor uso de antiagregantes, tanto en la consulta de cardiología como en atención primaria (AU)