Motivation and accessing care among drug treatment court involved women: A sequential, mixed-methods approach.

Drug treatment courts (DTC) address substance use disorders (SUD) but not cooccurrencing HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV). This pilot explored feasibility and preliminary outcomes of the Women's Initiative Supporting Health (WISH) intervention and health-related motivation, both based in self-determination theory (SDT) regarding HIV/HCV and SUD treatment. WISH feasibility study: 79 DTC women completed a one-time survey regarding motivation and willingness to engage in future interventions. WISH intervention: 22 women from DTC with SUD and HIV or HCV received a 6-session, peer motivational enhancement health behavior-oriented interventions. Recruitment strategies were feasible. SDT-based measures demonstrated internal consistency in this under-studied population, with perceived competence/autonomy associationed with motivation to reduce HIV/HCV/SUD risk. Women DTC participants indicated acceptance and showed internally consistent results in SDT-based motivation measures These WISH feasibility and intervention pilot studies lay a foundation for future studies addressing motivation to access healthcare among women DTC participants.

HIV/STI/HCV Risk Clusters and Hierarchies Experienced by Women Recently Released from Incarceration.

This study examines cross-sectional clusters and longitudinal predictions using an expanded SAVA syndemic conceptual framework-SAVA MH + H (substance use, intimate partner violence, mental health, and homelessness leading to HIV/STI/HCV risks)-among women recently released from incarceration (WRRI) (n = 206) participating in the WORTH Transitions (WT) intervention. WT combines two evidence-based interventions: the Women on the Road to Health HIV intervention, and Transitions Clinic. Cluster analytic and logistic regression methods were utilized. For the cluster analyses, baseline SAVA MH + H variables were categorized into presence/absence. For logistic regression, baseline SAVA MH + H variables were examined on a composite HIV/STI/HCV outcome collected at 6-month follow-up, controlling for lifetime trauma and sociodemographic characteristics. Three SAVA MH + H clusters were identified, the first of which had women with the highest overall levels of SAVA MH + H variables, 47% of whom were unhoused. Hard drug use (HDU) was the only significant predictor of HIV/STI/HCV risks in the regression analyses. HDUs had 4.32-fold higher odds of HIV/STI/HCV outcomes than non-HDUs (p = 0.002). Interventions such as WORTH Transitions must differently target identified SAVA MH + H syndemic risk clusters and HDU to prevent HIV/HCV/STI outcomes among WRRI.

Being a Peer Community Health Worker: Restoring Ourselves and the Community.

Women on the Road to Health Transitions combines two evidence-based strategies, WORTH and Transitions Clinic Network into an intervention for women involved in the criminal legal system with substance use and HIV risks. Led by peer community health workers (CHWs), Women on the Road to Health Transitions also links participants to primary care. We describe the impact of the program from the perspective of the CHWs. As integral research team members, the CHWs learned to successfully recruit, retain, and empower participants, facilitate the intervention, administer surveys, and help them link with and navigate the healthcare system. Simultaneously, the CHWs developed professional skills and self-efficacy.

Female Opioid Court Participants' Narratives of Siloed Medical, Legal, and Social Service Sector Interactions to Inform Future Integrated Interventions.

A gap exists regarding how to design gender-specific interventions for women charged with opioid use disorder (OUD)-related crimes. National recent efforts include opioid courts. Treatment courts present opportunities for earlier intervention for women under judicial supervision. We interviewed 31 female participants in the first known opioid court so they could inform cross-sector integrated approaches to address their needs. Data reveal the complexity of participants' involvement with myriad cross-sector organizations, given the duality of their roles as simultaneous lifetime victims and as OUD-related perpetrators. Participants have difficulty trusting systems intended to help them due to systematic failures to prevent or address abuse and neglect over their lifetimes. The opioid crisis cannot be solved without an understanding of early missed intervention opportunities and a cross-sector approach.

Trauma, Mental Health Distress, and Infectious Disease Prevention Among Women Recently Released From Incarceration.

Background: U.S. women recently released from incarceration experience significantly higher rates of trauma and exacerbation of mental health conditions, and the period following release has been identified as a window of heightened risk for mental health distress and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted infections (STI) and hepatitis C (HCV) transmissions. Despite these vulnerabilities, and an urgent need for supports, optimal engagement strategies remain unclear. WORTH Transitions is a program made up of two evidence-based interventions focused on improving the health of women returning to the community from incarceration with substance use disorders. Combining the two was designed to reduce HIV/STIs/HCV risks and increase overall health treatment engagement using a community health worker led intervention. Methods: We examined associations between trauma, mental health symptomology, and HIV/STI/HCV outcomes among women who engaged in the WORTH Transitions intervention (N = 206) Specifically, bivariate and longitudinal multivariate models were created to examine associations between trauma and mental health distress (defined as depressive and PTSD symptoms), on (1) types of engagement in HIV/STIs/HCV prevention and behavioral health services; and (2) HIV/STIs/HCV risk outcomes. The women who engaged in the intervention were 18 years and older and some were White, Black and other racial or ethnic minority. Results: PTSD symptomology and being a Black or indigenous woman of color was significantly (p = 0.014) associated with individual or group session engagement. Neither trauma nor PTSD symptoms were associated with higher HIV/STIs/HCV risks. Instead, relative to those who did not engage in HIV/STI/HCV risky behaviors, PTSD symptomology (p = 0.040) was associated with more than 3-fold increase in the probability of being lost to follow up (relative risk ratio = 3.722). Conclusion: Given the impact of PTSD-related symptoms on driving both engagement in HIV/STIs/HCV prevention services and intervention attrition among women leaving incarceration, physical and behavioral health interventions must be both overtly trauma- and mental health-informed. As was the case with WORTH Transitions, physical and behavioral health services for this population must include intentional and active support of the forms of treatment participants endorse to ensure maximal engagement.

FOCUS on women: Program evaluation of a pilot probation and primary care transitions clinic collaboration☆.

Gender-specific probation programs are needed for rising numbers of women on probation, as women's paths to probation differ from men's and are not as frequently addressed. Substance use, mental illness, health disparities, and barriers to treatment can contribute to women clients' unsuccessful completion of probation. The current study describes a process evaluation of the pilot Female Offenders Can Ultimately Succeed (FOCUS) program, which aimed to meet women probation clients' complex needs and improve their probation outcomes. Two women FOCUS Probation Officers had smaller-than-typical caseloads of 132 Medium- to Greatest-Risk women clients and received ongoing training in motivational and trauma-specific supervision strategies. To facilitate linkage to all needed treatment and social services, clients were referred to a primary care Transitions Clinic. Comparing non-FOCUS to FOCUS women clients with Violations of Probation, FOCUS clients had more successful completions of probation (higher non-punitive Restorations of Probation and lower punitive Revocations of Probation). At the Transitions Clinic, 52% of FOCUS clients received treatment. FOCUS clients and stakeholders provided narrative feedback reflecting a range of experiences in FOCUS, guiding future program implementation efforts. Promising outcomes from FOCUS demonstrate the potential of theory-based supervision and probation-medical collaboration to facilitate women clients' success in probation.

Women's Motivators to Engage in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment While Enrolled in an Opioid Intervention Court.

IntroductionTo address the rising presence of opioid use disorder in the United States, states have begun to implement specialized opioid intervention courts to provide immediate support for individuals at risk of opioid overdose. The present study sought to understand the motivations of women to engage in treatment while enrolled in an opioid intervention court. MethodsWe conducted 31 in-depth, qualitative interviews with women enrolled in an opioid intervention court in Buffalo, NY, to better understand their motivation regarding opioid use treatment. The data indicated a combined social-ecological and self-determination theory framework. ResultsThematic analysis revealed four themes across the Social-Ecological Model that aligned with motivation-related needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as defined by Self-Determination Theory. Themes at each level of the Social-Ecological Model described either support for or undermining of women's motivation for treatment: (1) individual level: personal motivation for change, (2) interpersonal level: support for OUD treatment-related autonomy, competence, and relatedness, (3) community level: court systems provide pathways to treatment, and (4) society level: insufficient social resources can undermine competence. ConclusionsThe findings provide new insights into various factors across all levels of the Social-Ecological Model that influence motivation for opioid use disorder treatment among women enrolled in opioid intervention court. Results support the possibility to integrate programs rooted in Self-Determination Theory to support opioid use disorder treatment among justice-involved persons.

"I was 15 when I started doing drugs with my dad": Victimization, Social Determinants of Health, and Criminogenic Risk Among Women Opioid Intervention Court Participants.

The presence and severity of childhood and adult victimization increase the likelihood of substance use disorder (SUD), crimes, antisocial behaviors, arrests, convictions, and medical and psychiatric disorders among women more than men. These problems are compounded by the impact of social determinants of health (SDH) challenges, which include predisposition to the understudied, dramatic increase in opioid dependence among women. This study examined victimization, related SDH challenges, gender-based criminogenic risk factors for female participants, and public health opportunities to address these problems. We recruited women from the first national Opioid Intervention Court, a fast-track SUD treatment response to rapidly increasing overdose deaths. We present a consensual qualitative research analysis of 24 women Opioid Intervention Court participants (among 31 interviewed) who reported childhood, adolescent, and/or adult victimization experiences in the context of substance use and recovery, mental health symptoms, heath behaviors, and justice-involved trajectories. We iteratively established codes and overarching themes. Six primary themes emerged: child or adolescent abuse as triggers for drug use; impact of combined child or adolescent abuse with loss or witnessing abuse; adult abduction or assault; trajectory from lifetime abuse, substance use, and criminal and antisocial behaviors to sobriety; role of friends and family support in recovery; and role of treatment and opioid court in recovery, which we related to SDH, gender-based criminogenic factors, and public health. These experiences put participants at risk of further physical and mental health disorders, yet indicate potential strategies. Findings support future studies examining strategies where courts and health systems could collaboratively address SDH with women Opioid Intervention Court participants.

Empathy and boundary turbulence in cancer communication.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and deepen our understanding of patient-centeredness, empathy, and boundary management in challenging conversations. Previous studies show frequent physician self-disclosure, while empathy and boundary management are infrequent. METHODS: Three standardized patients (SPs) portrayed cancer patients consulting a new community-based physician, resulting in 39 audio-recorded SP visits to 19 family physicians and 20 medical oncologists. Transcripts underwent qualitative iterative thematic analysis, informed by grounded theory, followed by directed content analysis. We further defined the identified communicative categories with descriptive and correlational calculations. RESULTS: We identified patient-centered physician response categories--empathy, affirmation, and acknowledgement; and physician-centered categories-transparency, self-disclosure, and projection. Acknowledgement and affirmation responses were frequent and empathy rare. Physician transparency and self-disclosure were common. Useful and not useful self-disclosures were highly correlated; empathy, useful and not useful transparency, and projection were moderately correlated. Most physicians used self-disclosure but few of these were judged patient-centered. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians expressing empathy and patient-centered transparency were also more likely to use projection and physician-centered transparency, thus engaging in communication "boundary turbulence." Patients may benefit from physicians' improved use of empathy and boundary management.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) knowledge, familiarity, and attitudes among United States healthcare professional students: A cross-sectional study.

The United States' initiative to End the HIV Epidemic by 2030 includes a primary goal to reduce new HIV infections by 90 percent. One key contributor to this plan is HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). While knowledge and acceptance of PrEP among clinicians is growing, few studies have assessed knowledge and awareness among future healthcare professionals in academic training programs. The present study aimed to assess and compare healthcare trainees' awareness, knowledge, and familiarity with PrEP prescribing guidelines to better understand and prevent gaps in academic training regarding PrEP. A cross-sectional web-based survey of medical, nurse practitioner, and pharmacy students enrolled at two universities was conducted between October 2017 and January 2018. The study assessed participants' awareness, knowledge, and familiarity with PrEP prescribing guidelines and willingness to prescribe PrEP and refer to another healthcare provider. The survey was completed by 744 participants (response rate = 36.2%). Overall, PrEP awareness was high though PrEP knowledge was low. There were significant differences among student groups in domains of interest. Pharmacy students had the greatest PrEP knowledge, awareness, and familiarity with prescribing guidelines. However, medical students reported the greatest comfort with performing PrEP-related clinical activities and willingness to refer a candidate to another provider. Study findings enhance our understanding of healthcare professional students' perspectives of PrEP as a biomedical prevention strategy for HIV. The gaps in students' knowledge offer opportunities for the development of educational strategies to support HIV prevention among future healthcare professionals.

The Transitions Clinic Network: Post Incarceration Addiction Treatment, Healthcare, and Social Support (TCN-PATHS): A hybrid type-1 effectiveness trial of enhanced primary care to improve opioid use disorder treatment outcomes following release from jail.

BACKGROUND: In 2016, at least 20% of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) were involved in the criminal justice system, with the majority of individuals cycling through jails. Opioid overdose is the leading cause of death and a common cause of morbidity after release from incarceration. Medications for OUD (MOUD) are effective at reducing overdoses, but few interventions have successfully engaged and retained individuals after release from incarceration in treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether follow-up care in the Transitions Clinic Network (TCN), which provides OUD treatment and enhanced primary care for people released from incarceration, improves key measures in the opioid treatment cascade after release from jail. In TCN programs, primary care teams include a community health worker with a history of incarceration, and they attend to social needs, such as housing, food insecurity, and criminal legal system contact, along with patients' medical needs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will bring together six correctional systems and community health centers with TCN programs to conduct a hybrid type-1 effectiveness/implementation study among individuals who were released from jail on MOUD. We will randomize 800 individuals on MOUD released from seven local jails (Bridgeport, CT; Niantic, CT; Bronx, NY; Caguas, PR; Durham, NC; Minneapolis, MN; Ontario County, NY) to compare the effectiveness of a TCN intervention versus referral to standard primary care to improve measures within the opioid treatment cascade. We will also determine what social determinants of health are mediating any observed associations between assignment to the TCN program and opioid treatment cascade measures. Last, we will study the cost effectiveness of the approach, as well as individual, organizational, and policy-level barriers and facilitators to successfully transitioning individuals on MOUD from jail to the TCN. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Investigation Review Board the University of North Carolina (IRB Study # 19-1713), the Office of Human Research Protections, and the NIDA JCOIN Data Safety Monitoring Board approved the study. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. We will disseminate study data through a web-based platform designed to share data with TCN PATHS participants and other TCN stakeholders. Clinical trials.gov registration: NCT04309565.

"I think everybody should take it if they're doing drugs, doing heroin, or having sex for money": a qualitative study exploring perceptions of pre-exposure prophylaxis among female participants in an opioid intervention court program.

BACKGROUND: Women's rise in opioid use disorder has increased their presence in the criminal justice system and related risk behaviors for HIV infection. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective biomedical HIV prevention treatment, uptake among this high-risk population has been particularly low. Considerably little is known about the interplay between justice-involved women with opioid use disorder and HIV prevention. The aim of this study was to explore PrEP knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions for personal and partner use among women participants in the nation's first ever opioid intervention court program. METHODS: The authors conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 31 women recruited from an Opioid Intervention Court, a recent fast-track treatment response to combat overdose deaths. We utilized a consensual qualitative research approach to explore attitudes, perceptions, and preferences about PrEP from women at risk for HIV transmission via sexual and drug-related behavior and used thematic analysis methods to code and interpret the data. RESULTS: PrEP interest and motivation were impacted by various factors influencing the decision to consider PrEP initiation or comfort with partner use. Three primary themes emerged: HIV risk perceptions, barriers and facilitators to personal PrEP utilization, and perspectives on PrEP use by sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest courts may provide a venue to offer women PrEP education and HIV risk assessments. Study findings inform public health, substance use, and criminal justice research and practice with justice-involved participants experiencing opioid use disorder on the development of gender-specific PrEP interventions with the ultimate goal of reducing HIV incidence.

Perceived Discrimination Based on Criminal Record in Healthcare Settings and Self-Reported Health Status among Formerly Incarcerated Individuals.

Perceived discrimination based on criminal record is associated with social determinants of health such as housing and employment. However, there is limited data on discrimination based on criminal record within health care settings. We examined how perceived discrimination based on criminal record within health care settings, among individuals with a history of incarceration, was associated with self-reported general health status. We used data from individuals recruited from 11 sites within the Transitions Clinic Network (TCN) who were released from prison within the prior 6 months, had a chronic health condition and/or were age 50 or older, and had complete information on demographics, medical history, self-reported general health status, and self-reported perceived discrimination (n = 743).Study participants were mostly of minority racial and ethnic background (76%), and had a high prevalence of self-reported chronic health conditions with half reporting mental health conditions and substance use disorders (52% and 50%, respectively), and 85% reporting one or more chronic medical conditions. Over a quarter (27%, n = 203) reported perceived discrimination by health care providers due to criminal record with a higher proportion of individuals with fair or poor health reporting discrimination compared to those in good or excellent health (33% vs. 23%; p = .002). After adjusting for age and reported chronic conditions, participants reporting discrimination due to criminal record had 43% increased odds of reporting fair/poor health (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01-2.03). Race and ethnicity did not modify this relationship.Participants reporting discrimination due to criminal record had increased odds of reporting fair/poor health. The association between perceived discrimination by health care providers due to criminal record and health should be explored in future longitudinal studies among individuals at high risk of incarceration.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01863290.

Awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among pharmacy students.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess pharmacy students' awareness, knowledge, and perceptions towards human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), confidence and intentions to counsel patients on PrEP, and preferred PrEP training. METHODS: A web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with pharmacy students. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of participants were aware of PrEP and 61% were familiar with PrEP prescription guidelines. In multivariate analysis, greater PrEP knowledge, attitudes towards PrEP, and familiarity with prescribing guidelines were significantly associated with confidence in PrEP counseling (p < 0.01 for all). Males had significantly higher odds of reporting confidence in PrEP counseling relative to their female counterparts (p < 0.01). Relative to fourth year students, second year students were less likely to report confidence in PrEP counseling (p < 0.01). Participants who were familiar with prescribing guidelines had significantly higher odds of PrEP counseling intentions (p < 0.05). Preferred educational topics regarding PrEP included training on side effects and adherence monitoring (65% and 51%, respectively). The most preferred modalities for receiving PrEP education were online education (47%), educational seminars in required courses (43%), and self-study modules (39%). CONCLUSIONS: Given the key role played by pharmacists in patient engagement, they may be presented with opportunities to provide PrEP counseling and education. The development of educational modules for pharmacy students in an effort to increase PrEP uptake should consider addressing gaps in knowledge and preferred training modalities.

"They didn't give up on me": a women's transitions clinic from the perspective of re-entering women.

BACKGROUND: Women recently released from incarceration have increased rates of co-occurring substance use, physical health, and mental health disorders. During re-entry, they face challenges navigating needed health services and social services stemming from these problems. Women's Initiative Supporting Health Transitions Clinic (WISH-TC) is a primary care program that facilitates treatment access for re-entering women. Strategies include support and navigation assistance from peer community health workers. METHODS: Thirteen participants, of whom 11 had a substance use disorder, completed semi-structured interviews about their experiences in WISH-TC as part of a process evaluation. We conducted a qualitative framework analysis informed by self-determination theory. RESULTS: WISH-TC supported autonomy as staff helped motivate women to work toward personal health goals. Women were empowered to have their health needs met, and consequently, prioritized attending clinic. Regarding competence, WISH-TC built upon women's existing knowledge to increase their health literacy and better understand their individual health needs. Relatedness support, both prior to re-entry and ongoing with clinic staff, was key in women's satisfaction with their care. The clinic made procedural changes in response to the interviews, including providing orientation for the patients and training the clinic in trauma-informed practices. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the potential of a program for re-entering women, including those with substance use disorders to strengthen their abilities to navigate complex healthcare and societal systems. WISH-TC helped women feel supported, motivated, and competent to address their substance use, physical, and mental health conditions.

Corrections for Academic Medicine: The Importance of Using Person-First Language for Individuals Who Have Experienced Incarceration.

This Invited Commentary addresses the use of labels and their impact on people involved in the criminal justice system. There are 2.2 million adults incarcerated in the United States and close to 6.6 million under correctional supervision on any day. Many of these people experience health inequalities and inadequate health care both in and out of correctional facilities. These numbers are reason enough to raise alarm among health care providers and criminal justice researchers about the need to conceptualize better ways to administer health care for these individuals. Using terms like "convict," "prisoner," "parolee," and "offender" to describe these individuals increases the stigma that they already face. The authors propose that employing person-first language for justice-involved individuals would help to reduce the stigma they face during incarceration and after they are released. Coordinated, dignified, and multidisciplinary care is essential for this population given the high rates of morbidity and mortality they experience both in and out of custody and the many barriers that impede their successful integration with families and communities. Academic medicine can begin to address the mistrust that formerly incarcerated individuals often have toward the health care system by using the humanizing labels recommended in this Invited Commentary.

A Qualitative Analysis of Family Dynamics and Motivation in Sessions With 15 Women in Drug Treatment Court.

Women with substance use disorders (SUDs) often experience inadequate health care, mental and physical health problems, trauma, lack of social support, and undermining of support for psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needed for motivation and well-being. For women with SUD trying to reclaim sobriety and a healthy life, family can present both barriers and support. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the intersection of family relationships with motivation of women in Drug Treatment Court (DTC) to attain their health goals. Data consist of transcribed intervention sessions between trained peer interventionists and 15 DTC participants from The Women's Initiative Supporting Health DTC Intervention Study. This analysis uses a qualitative framework approach to analyze the data. The Self-determination Theory of human motivation and Family Systems Theory provide the conceptual framework to understand how participants' expressions of motivation-related basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness and change-related behaviors interfaced with family support. Analysis revealed more mentions of family in motivation-supportive contexts than in motivation-thwarting contexts, but highlighted complex roles families can play in health of women in recovery from SUD. Providers may be able to incorporate this knowledge to address the needs of this challenging population.

Outcomes among pregnant recently incarcerated women attending a reentry transitions clinic.

This mixed methods retrospective case series and qualitative descriptive study describes pregnancy outcomes during the postincarceration period. A retrospective case series via electronic medical record chart review from a subset of women attending a postincarceration primary care clinic with a condition of interest (pregnancy) described demographics, substance use, diagnoses, and pregnancy outcomes. We compared 27 pregnant to 79 nonpregnant women and contextualized quantitative data with qualitative descriptive vignettes. Twenty-seven women completed 29 pregnancies (2 women with 2 deliveries each), all of which were unplanned; there were 11 live births, 8 pregnant at study closure, 7 miscarriages, and 3 terminations. Although substance use history was high, rates were higher among nonpregnant women (92% vs 74%). Among the 5 births, 4 tested positive for substance use during pregnancy. All 11 infants had pregnancy or delivery complications. Although 7 of the 10 pregnant women with live births had prior pregnancy complications, only 4 were placed in a special care obstetrics clinic. Although unplanned pregnancies were common, most births did not demonstrate maternal substance use. All live births had pregnancy or delivery complications, but few were accepted to specialist prenatal care, suggesting potential considerations for recently incarcerated women.

IDENTIFYING PREDICTORS OF SUBSTANCE USE AND RECIDIVISM OUTCOME TRAJECTORIES AMONG DRUG TREATMENT COURT CLIENTS.

Drug treatment court (DTC) is a diversion program for individuals with drug-related crimes. However, the DTC literature is conflicting with regard to substance use and recidivism outcomes. This study examines factors associated with improved client outcome trajectories among a multisite, national DTC sample. We conducted a secondary analysis of 2,295 participants using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs assessment tool. Participants in community-based treatment comprised a nonequivalent comparison group. Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression examined client sociodemographics in relation to substance use and rearrest at 6-month follow-up. Employed DTC clients were more likely to abstain from substances, but among all study participants, higher baseline use, male gender, and employment predicted substance use. Similarly, among DTC clients, older age and employment predicted no rearrests, but among all study participants, older and employed individuals had worse arrest outcome trajectories. Future work is needed to better understand how client characteristics may inform individualized treatment approaches.

Does a Primary Health Clinic for Formerly Incarcerated Women Increase Linkage to Care?

OBJECTIVE: This study examined a primary care-based program to address the health needs of women recently released from incarceration by facilitating access to primary medical, mental health, and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Peer community health workers recruited women released from incarceration within the past 9 months into the Women's Initiative Supporting Health Transitions Clinic (WISH-TC). Located within an urban academic medical center, WISH-TC uses cultural, gender, and trauma-specific strategies grounded in the self-determination theory of motivation. Data abstracted from intake forms and medical charts were examined using bivariate and multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 200 women recruited, 100 attended the program at least once. Most (83.0%) did not have a primary care provider before enrollment. Conditions more prevalent than in the general population included psychiatric disorders (94.0%), substance use (90.0%), intimate partner violence (66.0%), chronic pain (66.0%), and hepatitis C infection (12.0%). Patients received screening and vaccinations (65.9%-87.0%), mental health treatment (91.5%), and SUD treatment (64.0%). Logistic regression revealed that receipt of mental health treatment was associated with number of psychiatric (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], = 4.09; p < .01), and social/behavioral problems (AOR, 2.67; p = .04), and higher median income (AOR, 1.07; p = .05); African American race predicted lower receipt of SUD treatment (AOR, 0.08; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: An innovative primary care transitions program successfully helped women recently released from incarceration to receive medical, mental health, and SUD treatment. Primary care settings with specialty programs, including community health workers, may provide a venue to screen, assess, and help recently incarcerated women access needed care.