Relationship between burnout and Major Depressive Disorder in health professionals: A HEAR report.

BACKGROUND: Burnout is a "normal" albeit concerning response to workplace stress, whereas Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a serious illness associated with impairment and suicide risk. Because of symptomatic overlap between the two conditions and MDD-associated stigma, individuals reporting work-related stress and depression often are "diagnosed" with burnout at the expense of recognizing and treating MDD. Our study aimed to leverage organizational implementation of the American Foundation of Suicide Prevention's Interactive Screening Program to elucidate relationships among burnout, depression, and other suicide risk factors. METHODS: 2281 of about 30,000 (~7.6 %) medical trainees, staff, and faculty responded to an anonymous online stress and depression questionnaire. Respondents were grouped into four cohorts: screened positive for burnout alone (n = 439, 19 %), depression alone (n = 268, 12 %), both conditions (n = 759, 33 %), or neither condition (n = 817, 36 %), and compared on multiple measures of distress and other suicide risk factors. RESULTS: Burnout alone and depression alone each predicted greater distress and suicide risk compared with neither condition. Depression was a stronger predictor than burnout and demonstrated a consistent association with other suicide risk factors regardless of whether burnout was present. In contrast, burnout was not consistently associated with other suicide risk factors when depression was present. LIMITATIONS: The sample was limited to one state-supported academic medical center; to individuals who elected to take the online survey; and relied on a single item, non-validated measure of burnout. CONCLUSION: When emotional distress is reported by healthcare workers, attention should not stop at "burnout," as burnout frequently comingles with clinical depression, a serious and treatable mental health condition.

Training Death Investigators to Identify Decedents' Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: A Feasibility Study.

ABSTRACT: There is growing impetus within mortality surveillance to identify decedents' sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), but key personnel to this effort (eg, death investigators) are not currently trained to collect SOGI information. To address this gap, we developed a training for death investigators on this topic and tested its feasibility with 114 investigators in 3 states. Participants completed pretraining and posttraining questionnaires that measured 4 perceived outcomes: training relevance, success of delivery, adequacy for future use, and likelihood of future use. Overall, strongly positive responses affirmed the training's relevance, success of delivery, and adequacy for future use. Responses about attempting to identify the decedent's SOGI in future cases were not quite as positive, with close to 80% of the participants saying that they were at least "somewhat likely" to collect this information. Despite design limitations, the study results support the feasibility of training death investigators to gather SOGI information. Although not systematically assessed in the study, investigators' positive endorsement of training outcomes seemed higher in training sites where leadership strongly supported SOGI identification, suggesting that the role of leadership may be key to encouraging SOGI identification among death investigators.

Suicide Warning Signs and What to Do.

Suicide is a serious public health problem, the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Among veterinary professionals, the suicide rate has been shown to be significantly higher than in the general population. A complex health outcome, suicide is driven by multiple interacting risk and protective factors. This article will provide an overview of the problem of suicide, including suicide risk factors and warning signs, protective factors, and what we can all do to prevent this leading cause of death.

Collecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Information at Death.

Currently, no US jurisdiction or agency routinely or systematically collects information about individuals' sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) at the time of death. As a result, little is known about causes of death in people having a minority sexual orientation or gender identity. These knowledge gaps have long impeded identification of mortality disparities in sexual and gender minority populations and hampered the development of targeted public health interventions and prevention strategies. We offer observations about the possibilities and challenges of collecting and reporting accurate postmortem SOGI information on the basis of our past four years of working with death investigators, coroners, and medical examiners. This work was located primarily in New York, New York, and has extended from January 2015 to the present. Drawing on our experiences, we make recommendations for future efforts to include SOGI among the standard demographic variables used to characterize individuals at death.

Suicidal ideation and behavior in institutions of higher learning: A latent class analysis.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among undergraduate students, with an annual rate of 7.5 per 100,000. Suicidal behavior (SB) is complex and heterogeneous, which might be explained by there being multiple etiologies of SB. Data-driven identification of distinct at-risk subgroups among undergraduates would bolster this argument. We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) on survey data from a large convenience sample of undergraduates to identify subgroups, and validated the resulting latent class model on a sample of graduate students. Data were collected through the Interactive Screening Program deployed by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. LCA identified 6 subgroups from the undergraduate sample (N = 5654). In the group with the most students reporting current suicidal thoughts (N = 623, 66% suicidal), 22.5% reported a prior suicide attempt, and 97.6% endorsed moderately severe or worse depressive symptoms. Notably, LCA identified a second at-risk group (N = 662, 27% suicidal), in which only 1.5% of respondents noted moderately severe or worse depressive symptoms. When graduate students (N = 1138) were classified using the model, a similar frequency distribution of groups was found. Finding multiple replicable groups at-risk for suicidal behavior, each with a distinct prevalence of risk factors, including a group of students who would not be classified as high risk with depression-based screening, is consistent with previous studies that identified multiple potential etiologies of SB.