Association Between Childhood Adversity and Functional Outcomes in People With Psychosis: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Despite the accepted link between childhood adversity (CA) and psychotic disorders, evidence on the relationship between CA and poor functional outcome remains less consistent and has never been reviewed quantitatively. The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically examine the association between CA and functional outcomes in people with psychotic disorders. STUDY DESIGN: The study protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021254201). A search was conducted across EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Libraries (CENTRAL) using search terms related to psychosis; CA (general, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect); and functional outcomes (social, occupational, and general functioning [GF]). We conducted random-effects models, sensitivity and heterogeneity analyses, meta-regressions, and we assessed quality. STUDY RESULTS: Our meta-analysis comprised 35 studies, including 10 568 cases with psychosis. General CA was negatively associated with GF (28 studies; r = -0.109, 95%CI = -0.161 to -0.05, P < .001), with greater effects in prospective data (10 studies; r = -0.151, 95% CI = -0.236 to -0.063, P = .001). General CA was also associated with social functioning (r = -0.062, 95% CI = -0.120 to -0.004, P = .018) but not occupational outcomes. All CA subtypes except sexual abuse were significantly associated with GF, with emotional and physical neglect showing the largest magnitudes of effect (ranging from r = -0.199 to r = -0.250). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides evidence for a negative association between general CA, specific subtypes, and general and social functional outcomes in people with psychosis.

The relative contribution of motives and maladaptive cognitions to levels of Internet Gaming Disorder.

This study aimed at determining whether motives and/or maladaptive cognitions would predict levels of Internet Gaming Disorder independently of negative affect and problematic Internet use. Seventy-nine Internet gamers completed the following questionnaires: Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test, Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire Short Form, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21, Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire, and Maladaptive Gaming-Related Cognitions Scale. Results showed that all variables were positively and significantly correlated with levels of Internet Gaming Disorder with the exception of motives relating to recreation. Furthermore, a hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that motives relating to coping and skills development and maladaptive cognitions relating to overvaluing of game rewards were the only significant predictors of levels of Internet Gaming Disorder when controlling for negative affect and problematic Internet use. The implications of these findings are discussed.