ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the effect of foods on gut microbiota composition and functionality is expanding. To isolate the effect of single foods and/or single nutrients (i.e., fiber, polyphenols), this protocol describes an in vitro batch fermentation procedure to be carried out after an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, this is an extension of the previous protocol described by Brodkorb et al. (2019) for studying in vitro digestion. The current protocol uses an oligotrophic fermentation medium with peptone and a high concentration of fecal inoculum from human fecal samples both to provide the microbiota and as the main source of nutrients for the bacteria. This protocol is recommended for screening work to be performed when many food samples are to be studied. It has been used successfully to study gut microbiota fermentation of different foodstuffs, giving insights into their functionality, community structure or ability to degrade particular substances, which can contribute to the development of personalized nutrition strategies. The procedure does not require a specific level of expertise. The protocol takes 4-6 h for preparation of fermentation tubes and 20 h for incubation.
Subject(s)
Batch Cell Culture Techniques/methods , Fermentation , Food , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Animals , Humans , Principal Component AnalysisABSTRACT
The human body is exposed to oxidative damage to cells and though it has some endogenous antioxidant systems, we still need to take antioxidants from our diet. The main dietary source of antioxidants is vegetables due to their content of different bioactive molecules. However, there are usually other components of the diet, such as foods of animal origin, that are not often linked to antioxidant capacity. Still, these foods are bound to exert some antioxidant capacity thanks to molecules released during gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbial fermentation. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of 11 foods of animal origin has been studied, submitted to different culinary techniques and to an in vitro digestion and gut microbial fermentation. Results have shown how dairy products potentially provide the highest antioxidant capacity, contributing to 60% of the daily antioxidant capacity intake. On the other hand, most of the antioxidant capacity was released during gut microbial fermentation (90-98% of the total antioxidant capacity). Finally, it was found that the antioxidant capacity of the studied foods was much higher than that reported by other authors. A possible explanation is that digestion-fermentation pretreatment allows for a higher extraction of antioxidant compounds and their transformation by the gut microbiota. Therefore, although foods of animal origin cannot be compared to vegetables in the concentration of antioxidant molecules, the processes of digestion and fermentation can provide some, giving animal origin food some qualities that could have been previously unappreciated.
ABSTRACT
The antioxidant capacity of foods is essential to complement the body's own endogenous antioxidant systems. The main antioxidant foods in the regular diet are those of plant origin. Although every kind of food has a different antioxidant capacity, thermal processing or cooking methods also play a role. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of 42 foods of vegetable origin was evaluated after in vitro digestion and fermentation. All foods were studied both raw and after different thermal processing methods, such as boiling, grilling roasting, frying, toasting and brewing. The cooking methods had an impact on the antioxidant capacity of the digested and fermented fractions, allowing the release and transformation of antioxidant compounds. In general, the fermented fraction accounted for up to 80-98% of the total antioxidant capacity. The most antioxidant foods were cocoa and legumes, which contributed to 20% of the daily antioxidant capacity intake. Finally, it was found that the antioxidant capacity of the studied foods was much higher than those reported by other authors since digestion-fermentation pretreatment allows for a higher extraction of antioxidant compounds and their transformation by the gut microbiota.
ABSTRACT
Social cognitive neuroscience is a recent interdisciplinary field that studies the neural basis of the social mind. Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide precise information about the time dynamics of the brain. In this study, we assess the role of ERPs in cognitive neuroscience, particularly in the emerging area of social neuroscience. First, we briefly introduce the technique of ERPs. Subsequently, we describe several ERP components (P1, N1, N170, vertex positive potential, early posterior negativity, N2, P2, P3, N400, N400-like, late positive complex, late positive potential, P600, error-related negativity, feedback error-related negativity, contingent negative variation, readiness potential, lateralized readiness potential, motor potential, re-afferent potential) that assess perceptual, cognitive, and motor processing. Then, we introduce ERP studies in social neuroscience on contextual effects on speech, emotional processing, empathy, and decision making. We provide an outline of ERPs' relevance and applications in the field of social cognitive neuroscience. We also introduce important methodological issues that extend classical ERP research, such as intracranial recordings (iERP) and source location in dense arrays and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging recordings. Further, this review discusses possible caveats of the ERP question assessment on neuroanatomical areas, biophysical origin, and methodological problems, and their relevance to explanatory pluralism and multilevel, contextual, and situated approaches to social neuroscience.
Subject(s)
Brain Mapping/methods , Brain/physiology , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Neurosciences/methods , Social Behavior , HumansABSTRACT
Se presentó un estudio de casos y controles (60 y 120 respectivamente) en donantes de sangre del Banco Provincial de Cienfuegos. Los casos fueron aquellos que se identificaron como positivos en la prueba de detección de anticuerpos contra el virus C de la hepatitis (VHC) y los controles, los donantes seleccionados con prueba negativa (test de ELISA de tercera generación). Se trató de estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo para adquirir hepatitis C en donantes de sangre y medir la fuerza de asociación entre factores de riesgo y aparición de infección por VHC. Se comprobó que las variables de riesgo con valores más altos de los odds ratio (con significación estadística) fueron las transfusiones recibidas, tratamientos parenterales y antecedentes de enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS). Se halló alta prevalencia de asma entre los pacientes seropositivos al VHC (23 por ciento) lo que pudiera estar relacionado con la vía de transmisión percutánea por tratamientos parenterales repetidos
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Donors , Hepatitis C , Risk Factors , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Se presentó un estudio de casos y controles (60 y 120 respectivamente) en donantes de sangre del Banco Provincial de Cienfuegos. Los casos fueron aquellos que se identificaron como positivos en la prueba de detección de anticuerpos contra el virus C de la hepatitis (VHC) y los controles, los donantes seleccionados con prueba negativa (test de ELISA de tercera generación). Se trató de estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo para adquirir hepatitis C en donantes de sangre y medir la fuerza de asociación entre factores de riesgo y aparición de infección por VHC. Se comprobó que las variables de riesgo con valores más altos de los odds ratio (con significación estadística) fueron las transfusiones recibidas, tratamientos parenterales y antecedentes de enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS). Se halló alta prevalencia de asma entre los pacientes seropositivos al VHC (23 por ciento) lo que pudiera estar relacionado con la vía de transmisión percutánea por tratamientos parenterales repetidos(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis C/transmission , Blood Donors , Risk Factors , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Case-Control StudiesABSTRACT
Se estudió una serie de 60 sujetos donantes de sangre con presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus C de la hepatitis (Ac VHC). Se trató de identificar la expresión clínica de la enfermedad por VHC en donantes, de conocer los resultados laparoscópicos e histológicos y de evaluar la concordancia entre la visión endoscópica y los informes histológicos del hígado en los casos con biopsias. Se observó que la infección por VHC en donantes cursó de forma silente; sin embargo, el 62 porciento de ellos tenían alteraciones histológicas hepáticas las cuales probablemente estuvieron relacionadas con este agente viral. Se halló pobre concordancia entre diagnóstico laparoscópico y resultados histológicos. El análisis de la sensibilidad y la especificidad, así como el valor predictivo positivo y el negativo aplicados a la laparoscopia, demuestran las limitaciones de esta prueba para el diagnóstico de hepatitis crónica, el cual debe ser confirmado histológicamente
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Biopsy , Blood Donors , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis C Antibodies , Liver/pathology , Laparoscopy , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Se estudió una serie de 60 sujetos donantes de sangre con presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus C de la hepatitis (Ac VHC). Se trató de identificar la expresión clínica de la enfermedad por VHC en donantes, de conocer los resultados laparoscópicos e histológicos y de evaluar la concordancia entre la visión endoscópica y los informes histológicos del hígado en los casos con biopsias. Se observó que la infección por VHC en donantes cursó de forma silente; sin embargo, el 62 porciento de ellos tenían alteraciones histológicas hepáticas las cuales probablemente estuvieron relacionadas con este agente viral. Se halló pobre concordancia entre diagnóstico laparoscópico y resultados histológicos. El análisis de la sensibilidad y la especificidad, así como el valor predictivo positivo y el negativo aplicados a la laparoscopia, demuestran las limitaciones de esta prueba para el diagnóstico de hepatitis crónica, el cual debe ser confirmado histológicamente(AU)
