Vestibular Alveolar bone height measurement: Accuracy and Correlation between direct and indirect techniques.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has modified the perspective of dentistry images, providing manipulable threedimensional images with a 1:1 patient:image ratio. Treatments and diagnosis are modified or corroborated by CBCT; however, its accuracy in thin structures such as cortical bone has been subjected to critical review. The aim of this study is to correlate the measurement of vestibular alveolar bone height using direct measurements and measurements performed with cone-beam tomographic images with standard (SD) voxel resolution. Thirty incisor and premolar teeth of patients undergoing open curettage were measured with a high-precision caliper and with Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) at an SD resolution of 0.16 mm voxels in a 3D Orthophos XG Sirona scanner. Intra-observer evaluation was performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Direct measurements and CBCT measurements were correlated using Pearson correlation (PCC). The mean difference between indirect and direct measurements was 3.15 mm. Paired t test and Pearson Correlation coefficient determined that all measurements differed statistically from each other with p<0.05. With the CT scanner and protocol used in this study, CBCT images do not enable accurate evaluation of vestibular alveolar bone height.

La tomografía de haz cónico (CBCT) ha modificado la perspectiva de la imagenología en odontología que brinda una imagen tridimensional manipulable con una relación 1:1, paciente: imagen. Los tratamientos y diagnósticos se ven modificados o corroborados por el CBCT; sin embargo, la exactitud que presenta en estructuras delgadas como las corticales óseas ha sido sometida a críticas. El objetivo fue correlacionar la medición de la altura del hueso alveolar vestibular mediante mediciones directas y las realizadas con imágenes tomográficas de haz cónico con resolución de vóxel estándar (SD). Treinta dientes incisivos y premolares de pacientes sometidos a un curetaje abierto se midieron con un calibrador de alta precisión y una tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) a una resolución SD de 0,16 mm de vóxeles en un escáner 3D Orthophos XG Sirona. La evaluación intraobservador se realizó utilizando el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC), y las mediciones directas y las mediciones CBCT se correlacionaron utilizando la correlación de Pearson (PCC). La diferencia media entre las mediciones indirectas y directas fue de 3,15 mm. La prueba t pareada y el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson determinaron que todas las mediciones fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre sí con una p <0.05. Con el escáner de TC y el protocolo utilizado en este estudio, las imágenes CBCT no permiten una evaluación precisa de la altura del hueso alveolar vestibular.

Efficiency in bracket bonding with the use of pretreatment methods to tooth enamel before acid etching: sodium hypochlorite vs. hydrogen peroxide techniques.

Bond failures are produced by the existence of biofilm on the tooth surface. Because biofilm is impermeable, it prevents contact in many areas, reducing the etching effect which selectively dissolves calcified tissues but does not seem to eliminate biofilm from the tooth surface, and thus the bond between the tooth and the bracket is not strong enough. The aim of this study is to compare bracket bonding efficiency with two dental surface pretreatments: sodium hypochlorite vs. hydrogen peroxide techniques. This was a cross-sectional, comparative, in vitro study. Seventy-five premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were evaluated. They were divided into three groups of 25 teeth and assigned randomly toone of the pretreatment techniques (5.25%sodium hypochlorite or 3.5% hydrogen peroxide) or to a control group. The most efficient pretreatment technique for bonding to brackets was sodium hypochlorite, with an average of 17.15 (kg/F). Significant differences were observed between groups (p=0.0001). The post hoc bond strength test showed statistically significant differences between the sodium hypochlorite technique and the control group (p=0.0001). The sodium hypochlorite technique improves bracket adhesion to tooth enamel.

Efficiency in bracket bonding with the use of pretreatment methods to tooth enamel before acid etching: sodium hypochlorite vs. hydrogen peroxide techniques

Bond failures are produced by the existence of biofilm on the tooth surface. Because biofilm is impermeable, it prevents contact in many areas, reducing the etching effect which selectively dissolves calcified tissues but does not seem to eliminate biofilm from the tooth surface, and thus the bond between the tooth and the bracket is not strong enough. The aim of this study is to compare bracket bonding efficiency with two dental surface pretreatments: sodium hypochlorite vs. hydrogen peroxide techniques. This was a cross-sectional, comparative, in vitro study. Seventy-five premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were evaluated. They were divided into three groups of 25 teeth and assigned randomly toone of the pretreatment techniques (5.25%sodium hypochlorite or 3.5% hydrogen peroxide) or to a control group. The most efficient pretreatment technique for bonding to brackets was sodium hypochlorite, with an average of 17.15 (kg/F). Significant differences were observed between groups (p=0.0001). The post hoc bond strength test showed statistically significant differences between the sodium hypochlorite technique and the control group (p=0.0001). The sodium hypochlorite technique improves bracket adhesion to tooth enamel.

Las fallas de adhesion se producen por la existencia de la biopelicula en la superficie del organo dental, ya que es impermeable y no permite el contacto en muchas areas, de manera que disminuye el efecto del grabado acido; el cual tiene la capacidad de disolver selectivamente los tejidos calcificados, pero no parece eliminar la biopelicula en la superficie dental, por lo tanto, no se lleva a cabo la suficiente fuerza de adhesion en la interfase diente-bracket. El objetivo es comparar la eficiencia en la adhesion de los brackets con el empleo de dos metodos de pre-tratamientos de la superficie del esmalte, el hipoclorito de sodio vs. peroxido de hidrogeno. Estudio comparativo, transversal, in vitro. Se evaluaron 75 premolares extraidos con fines ortodoncicos, tres grupos de 25 dientes, asignados aleatoriamente con alguna de las dos tecnicas de pre-tratamiento al esmalte, hipoclorito de sodio al 5.25%, peroxido de hidrogeno al 3.5% y un grupo control. La tecnica de pre-tratamiento al esmalte mas eficiente para la fuerza de adhesion a los brackets fue el hipoclorito de sodio, con una media de 17.15 (Kg/F), se observaron diferencias significativas inter-grupos (p= 0.001). Las pruebas post hoc para las fuerzas de adhesion mostraron diferencia estadistica - mente significativa para la tecnica de hipoclorito de sodio/ grupo control (p=.001). La utilizacion de hipoclorito de sodio ayuda a mejorar la adhesion de los brackets en la superficie del esmalte.

[Dyslalias associated to maloclussion in schoolchildren]. / Dislalias asociadas a maloclusión dental en escolares.

BACKGROUND: The test for evaluating phonological simplification processes (TEPROSIF, according to its initials in Spanish) is a tool which is used to identify dyslalias. Our objective was to establish, by using TEPROSIF, the association between dyslalias and malocclusion in children from 4 to 6 years of age. METHODS: After we standardized the tool with a kappa of 0.9, we applied it to 116 children from 4 to 6 years of age. Patients were conducted to a central occlusion through deglutition. We observed type of bite, overbite, occlusion and terminal plane in order to relate them to the dyslalia presented. For statistical analysis, we used chi-squared test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: They were 55 (47.4 %) boys and 61 (52.6 %) girls, with a median age of 5 years ± 0.71. Phoneme substitution was the most common alteration. We found significant correlation between omission of the phonemes and terminal plane (p = 0.01), Baume type I arch (p = 0.00) and absence of teeth (p = 0.00), as well as between phoneme substitution and terminal plane (p = 0.03), bite type (p = 0.01) and absence of teeth (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Phoneme substitution is the most common alteration, followed by omission and distortion of phonemes in children between 4 and 6 years of age.

Introducción: el test para evaluar los procesos fonológicos de simplificación (TEPROSIF) es un instrumento que sirve para identificar las dislalias. El objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre dislalias y maloclusión dental en niños de 4 a 6 años mediante la aplicación del TEPROSIF. Métodos: después de su estandarización (kappa 0.9) el instrumento se aplicó en 116 niños de 4 a 6 años. Los pacientes se llevaron a oclusión céntrica por deglución. Se observó tipo de mordida, sobremordida, oclusión y plano terminal para relacionarlos con la dislalia presentada. Utilizamos ?? y consideramos estadísticamente significativa una p = 0.05. Resultados: fueron un total de 55 niños (47.4 %) y 61 niñas (52.6 %), con edad media de 5 años + 0.71. La sustitución de fonemas se encontró con más frecuencia. Hubo correlación significativa entre omisión de fonemas y plano terminal (p = 0.01), arco de Baume tipo I (p = 0.00) y ausencia de dientes (p = 0.00). También entre sustitución de fonemas y plano terminal (p = 0.03), tipo de mordida (p = 0.01) y ausencia de dientes (p = 0.00). Conclusión: en niños de 4 a 6 años, la sustitución de fonemas es la alteración más frecuente; esta va seguida de la omisión de fonemas y, por último, la distorsión de fonemas.

[A comparative study between two different technics for retention the pit and fissure sealants]. / Dos técnicas para la retención de selladores dentales.

BACKGROUND: Almost everyone on the planet has suffered dental caries. It is why dental caries are considered a public health problem. The anticariogenic efficacy of dental sealants for pits and fissures is related to their retention. Air abrasion and acid etching are two current techniques for applying pit and fissure sealants. Our objective was to compare the efficiency of retention a pit and fissure sealant in primary dental organs pre-conditioned with acid etching and air abrasion. METHODS: A descriptive, comparative study was conducted in 40 primary dental organs randomly divided into two groups for conditioning the enamel with one or the other technique. Sealants and double-standard mesh for brackets with double ligatures were applied to test shear bond strength with an Inströn testing machine. Student's t-test was used to compare the shear-peel bond strength exerted by the two techniques. RESULTS: The average traction tolerated in the group treated with air abrasion was 2.62 kgf, and in the group treated with acid etching was 3.55 kgf, with statistically significant differences (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Acid etching demonstrated greater efficiency than air abrasion for retention of dental sealant for small pits and fissures in primary teeth.

Prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in children in the state of Puebla, Mexico, evaluated with the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD)

The aim of this work was to describe the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children of the State of Puebla, Mexico. A descriptive observational study was performed. After calculating sample size, children who met the following selection criteria were included: registered at an official elementary school, either sex, ages between 8 and 12 years, who accept to participate in the study and whose parents have signed the informed consent forms. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were used by calibrated researchers (Kappa.90) under the same conditions. Descriptive statistics were applied by using SPSSv15 software. The study included 235 children, 129 (54.9%) female and 106 (45.1%) male, of average age 9.31+1.2 years. Prevalence of signs and symptoms was 33.2%, and predominately muscular (82%), 48.1% showed signs of muscular pain and 19.1% joint pain. 63.4% showed signs of alteration in the mouth opening pattern, 39.1% presented joint sounds on opening or closing the mouth and 20.4% on mandibular excursions. The high prevalence of signs and symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders, in particular in children with mixed dentition, shows the importance of TMD evaluation during this period, when morphological changes associated to growth and craniofacial development prevail.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir la prevalencia de signos y sintomas de los trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) en ninos del estado de Puebla, Mexico. Se realizo un estudio observacional descriptivo. Previo calculo de tamano de muestra, se incluyeron ninos que cumplieron con criterios previos de seleccion: inscriptos en escuela primaria oficial, de cualquier sexo, en edades de 8 a 12 anos, que aceptaron participar en el estudio y cuyos padres firmaron el consentimiento informado. Se utilizaron los Criterios de Investigacion Diagnostica para los TTM, aplicados por investigador estandarizado (Kappa .90) bajo las mismas condiciones. Se calculo estadistica descriptiva con el programa SPSS v15. Se incluyeron 235 ninos, 129 (54.9%) mujeres y 106 (45.1%) varones con promedio de edad de 9.31}1.2 anos. La prevalencia de signos y sintomas de TTM fue del 33.2% predominantemente musculares (82%), 48.1% presentaron dolor muscular y 19.1% articular. El 63.4% presento alteraciones en el patron de apertura bucal, 39.1% presento ruidos articulares en apertura o cierre y 20.4% a las excursiones mandibulares. Las altas prevalencias de los signos y sintomas relacionadas con los Trastornos Temporomandibulares, particularmente en ninos con denticion mixta, demuestran la importancia de la evaluacion de los TTM durante este periodo, donde prevalecen los cambios morfologicos asociados al crecimiento y al desarrollo craneofacial.

La autopercepción de la salud general y bucal en los niños de Puebla, México / Child self-perceptions of general and oral health in Puebla, Mexico

Objetivo: determinar la autopercepción de la salud en general y bucal de los niños evaluados. Material y método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y prolectivo en 235 niños de 8 a 12 años de edad quienes cumplieron con los criterios de selección, que aceptaron participar en el estudio, cuyos padres firmaron el consentimiento informado. Se preguntó a cada niño sobre el estado de su salud en general y bucal. Resultado: la mayoría de los niños y niñas tiene una mejor auto-percepción de la salud en general, con un 82,2 por ciento calificada como excelente , muy buena y buena y sólo el 17,9 por ciento como regular, mientras que para la salud bucal sólo el 56,9 por ciento calificó como excelente, muy buena y buena el 39,6 por ciento como regular y el 3.9 por ciento como deficiente. Conclusión: la autopercepción de la salud bucal es más deficiente que la autopercepción de la salud en general en los niños mexicanos de 8 a 10 años, lo cual podría impactar en las conductas para mantener dichos estados de salud.

Prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in children in the State of Puebla, Mexico, evaluated with the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD).

The aim of this work was to describe the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children of the State of Puebla, Mexico. A descriptive observational study was performed. After calculating sample size, children who met the following selection criteria were included: registered at an official elementary school, either sex, ages between 8 and 12 years, who accept to participate in the study and whose parents have signed the informed consent forms. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were used by calibrated researchers (Kappa 90) under the same conditions. Descriptive statistics were applied by using SPSSv15 software. The study included 235 children, 129 (54.9%) female and 106 (45.1%) male, of average age 9.31 + 1.2 years. Prevalence of signs and symptoms was 33.2%, and predominately muscular (82%), 48.1% showed signs of muscular pain and 19.1% joint pain. 63.4% showed signs of alteration in the mouth opening pattern, 39.1% presented joint sounds on opening or closing the mouth and 20.4% on mandibular excursions. The high prevalence of signs and symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders, in particular in children with mixed dentition, shows the importance of TMD evaluation during this period, when morphological changes associated to growth and craniofacial development prevail.