Maternal dietary components in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of observational studies to timely promotion of health.

BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence that considers diet as an important factor in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this review is to synthesise the existing evidence on the relationship between GDM and maternal dietary components. METHODS: We performed a systematic bibliographic search in Medline, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs) and the Latin American Nutrition Archive (ALAN) of regional and local literature, limiting the searches to observational studies published between 2016 and 2022. Search terms related to nutrients, foods, dietary patterns and the relationship to GDM risk were used. The review included 44 articles, 12 of which were from America. The articles considered different topics about maternal dietary components as follows: 14 are about nutrient intake, 8 about food intake, 4 combined nutrient and food analysis and 18 about dietary patterns. RESULTS: Iron, processed meat and a low carbohydrate diet were positively associated with GDM. Antioxidant nutrients, folic acid, fruits, vegetables, legumes and eggs were negatively associated with GDM. Generally, western dietary patterns increase GDM risk, and prudent dietary patterns or plant-based diets decrease the risk. CONCLUSIONS: Diet is considered one of the causes of GDM. However, there is no homogeneity in how people eat nor in how researchers assess diet in different contextual conditions of the world.

Adaptación transcultural de un cuestionario de alimentación para niños de edad escolar en Córdoba, Argentina / Cross-cultural adaptation of a food questionnaire for schoolchildren in Córdoba, Argentina

Fundamentos: La evaluación de la ingesta en la niñez requiere instrumentos adecuados para la edad. Elobjetivo fue adaptar transculturalmente un cuestionario de alimentación para escolares desarrollado en Brasil(QUADA) y analizar su confiabilidad y validez para su aplicación en Córdoba, Argentina Métodos: El QUADA fue traducido al español y se reemplazaron las ilustraciones por alimentosrepresentativos localmente. Se realizaron pruebas de comprensión para evaluar interpretación de consignas eilustraciones y realizar modificaciones hasta llegar al cuestionario final: CuAE-24. Se evaluó la fiabilidad testretest aplicando el CuAE-24 dos veces el mismo día en una muestra de 113 escolares y se analizó la concordancia entre ambas aplicaciones usando test de Kappa. La validez se evaluó mediante la observación de la comida escolar (“gold standard”) el día anterior a la aplicación del CuAE-24, que fue contrastada con lasrespuestas de los escolares. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos (VPP) y negativos (VPN). Resultados: El CuAE-24 presenta 5 secciones (desayuno, media-mañana, comida, merienda, cena), con 76 alimentos ilustrados agrupados en 24 ítems. El test-retest presentó adecuada concordancia y se hallaron valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, VPP y VPN aceptables. Conclusiones: El CuAE-24 presenta validez y confiabilidad satisfactorias para utilizarse en investigaciones epidemiológicas en escolares de Córdoba, Argentina. (AU)

Background: Food intake assessment in childhood requires age-appropriate instruments. The objective was to analyze the cross-culturally adapt a food questionnaire for schoolchildren developed in Brazil (QUADA) andanalyze its reliability and validity for its application in Córdoba, Argentina.Methods: The QUADA was translated into Spanish and the illustrations were replaced by locally representative foods. Comprehension tests was carried out to evaluate interpretation of instructions and illustrations and to make modifications until reaching the final questionnaire: CuAE-24. To evaluate the testretest reliability, the CuAE-24 was applied twice the same day, in a sample of 113 schoolchildren. The Kappa test was used to analyze the concordance between both applications. The validity was analyzed by observing the school lunch (“gold standard”) the day before the application of the CuAE-24, which was contrasted with the responses of the schoolchildren. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values were calculated.Results: The CuAE-24 presents 5 sections (breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, snack, dinner), with 76 illustrated foods grouped into 24 items. The test-retest presented adequate concordance and acceptable sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV values were found in most of the items. Conclusions: The CuAE-24 presents satisfactory validity and reliability to be used in epidemiologicalresearches in schoolchildren in Córdoba, Argentina. (AU)

Diet Quality, Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk: An Epidemiologic Study in Córdoba, Argentina.

Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial disease. Environmental factors, specifically, obesity and diet quality, have been linked with an increased risk of BC in women. This research was aimed at assessing the association of diet quality with BC risk, considering nutritional status, in Córdoba province (Argentina). A case-control study was conducted during the period 2008-2016 (346 cases/566 controls). A diet quality score was calculated for each woman based on fifteen dietary components related to low-grade inflammation. Dietary information was obtained through a validated questionnaire. A score (0, 0.5, or 1) was assigned to each variable depending on compliance with dietary recommendations. The higher the score, the higher the degree of adherence to a poor quality diet, which carries a potential inflammatory effect. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between BC occurrence and diet quality, adjusting by body mass index. The mean score of women was 6.86 (1.83). Of total women studied, 20% were obese. A 39% increase in BC risk was observed for each unit of increase in the score in this group (Odds Ratio: 1.39; 95% Confidence Interval: 1086-1796). Obese women with poorer quality diet have a greater risk of BC occurrence in Córdoba (Argentina).

Do Exposure to Arsenic, Occupation and Diet Have Synergistic Effects on Prostate Cancer Risk?

Background: Diverse environmental exposures, as well as dietary and lifestyle factors, are associated with prostate cancer (PC) etiology; however little is known about joint interactive influences. The aim of this study was to analyse effects of diet combined with arsenic in drinking water and agricultural occupation on PC risk. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Córdoba, Argentina (period 2008-2015) including 147 cases of PC and 300 controls. All subjects were interviewed about food consumption, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics. A sample of drinking water was taken to determine arsenic concentrations. Adherence scores to the Traditional Dietary Pattern were estimated, based on a principal component factor analysis. A two-level logistic regression model was fitted in order to assess effects of the Traditional Pattern, occupation and arsenic exposure on the occurrence of PC (outcome). Family history of PC was considered as a clustering variable. Results: PC risk was greatest in subjects with high adherence to the Traditional Pattern (OR 2.18; 95%IC 1.097­4.344). Subjects exposed to arsenic in drinking water above 0.01mg/l who simultaneously performed agricultural activities showed a markedly elevated PC risk (OR 5.07; 95%IC 2.074-12.404). Variance of the random effect of family history of PC was significant. conclusion: Diet, arsenic and occupation in agriculture exert significant effects on PC risk. Further efforts are necessary to analyse risk factors integrally, in order to achieve a better understanding of the complex causal network for PC in this multiple-exposure population.

Cooking methods and the formation of PhIP (2-Amino, 1-methyl, 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine) in the crust of the habitually consumed meat in Argentina.

Content of carcinogenic molecules like, 2-Amino, 1-methyl, 6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine in meals is one of the main mutagenic substances formed during meat cooking, and it can be used as a dietary exposure marker. Our objective was to estimate the amount of PhIP consumed from habitual Argentinean diet, rich in red meats, comparing different cooking procedures and meat type. Samples (n = 240) of lean and fatty beef, chicken, pork, and fish were cooked using different methods: griddle, grill, sauté pan, and oven. Samples were: Overcooked, or cooked with a microbiologically suitable or "healthy technique" (HT). The PhIP was determined by HPLC-MS. Meats cooked using HT formed little crust amounts and PhIP was below the detection levels. In overcooked meats, large amounts of crust were formed in lean meats, fatty beef, fatty chicken and baked pork. PhIP was measured in lean meats sauted or cooked on a griddle, a method reaching temperatures until 250 °C.It was estimated that Argentine people eats about 12,268.0 ng/day of PhIP being these values above those tolerated limits for total dietary heterocyclic amines in some developed countries. Hence, cooking small meat portions, at medium temperature, avoiding prolonged cooking and preferring baked lean meats could be recommended as a healthier habit.

[Cancer and its association with dietary patterns in Córdoba (Argentina)]. / Cáncer y su asociación con patrones alimentarios en Córdoba (Argentina).

INTRODUCTION: Feeding habits play a prominent role in carcinogenesis. The dietary patterns approach applied to the study of chronic diseases is of increasing interest in nutritional epidemiology. Nevertheless, it has been seldom used in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns in adult population in Córdoba (Argentina) and to estimate their effects on the risk of colon-rectal (CRC), urothelial (UC), breast (BC) and prostate (PC) cancers. METHODS: Four case control studies were conducted, 2006-2012 for CRC, PC, BC and UC. To identify the dietary patterns, a Principal Components Factor Analysis was conducted. A multilevel logistic regression was adjusted for the risk analyses. RESULTS: Characteristic dietary patterns in the whole population, and in women and men independently, were identified. In the whole population South Cone and Sweet Beverages patterns behaved as promoters for CRC and UC while the Prudent Pattern had a protective effect. Female South Cone, Rural and Starchy patterns were associated to a higher BC risk. Prudent Pattern lowered BC risk. In men, South Cone, Sweet Beverages and Typical Measured patterns promoted PC. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to promote a regular intake of vegetables, fruits and diary products (although a moderate intake for men), and to reduce red meat (especially fat meat), processed meat, starchy vegetables, wine and sweet beverages intakes, to prevent the occurrence of cancer. In men, it is recommended a moderate intake of egg. In women, it is advised a moderate intake of refined grains, bakery products, oils and mayonnaise intake.

Introducción: La alimentación es un importante factor vinculado a la ocurrencia del cáncer. Su abordaje en términos de patrones alimentarios es de creciente interés en epidemiología nutricional, no obstante ha sido pocas veces empleado en Latinoamérica. Objetivos: Identificar patrones alimentarios en la población adulta de Córdoba (Argentina) y estimar sus efectos sobre el riesgo de ocurrencia de cáncer colorrectal (CCR), cáncer de mama (CM), cáncer de próstata (CP) y urotelial (CU). Métodos: Se condujeron estudios caso-control, 2006-2012, correspondientes a CCR, CM, CP y CU. Empleando un análisis factorial de componentes principales se identificaron patrones alimentarios. Se estimaron ORs mediante regresión logística multinivel. Resultados: Se identificaron patrones característicos en la población general, y en hombres y mujeres independientemente. En población total, los patrones Cono Sur y Bebidas Azucaradas evidenciaron un efecto promotor para CCR y CU, y el Patrón Prudente mostró efecto protector. En mujeres, el CM se asoció de manera directa con los patrones Cono Sur Femenino, Rural y Amiláceo, e inversa con el Patrón Prudente. En hombres, los Patrones Cono Sur Masculino, Bebidas Azucaradas y Típico Mesurado mostraron un efecto promotor para CP. Conclusión: Resulta necesario promover una ingesta habitual de vegetales, frutas y lácteos (éstos últimos de manera moderada en hombres), y disminuir el consumo de carnes rojas (fundamentalmente grasas), carnes procesadas, vegetales amiláceos, vino y bebidas azucaradas, a fin de prevenir la ocurrencia de cáncer. En hombres se sugiere moderar la ingesta de huevos, y en mujeres la de granos refinados, productos de pastelería, aceites y mayonesa.

Cáncer y su asociación con patrones alimentarios en Córdoba (Argentina) / Cancer and its association with dietary patterns in Cordoba (Argentina) / No disponible

Introducción: La alimentación es un importante factor vinculado a la ocurrencia del cáncer. Su abordaje en términos de patrones alimentarios es de creciente interés en epidemiología nutricional, no obstante ha sido pocas veces empleado en Latinoamérica. Objetivos: Identificar patrones alimentarios en la población adulta de Córdoba (Argentina) y estimar sus efectos sobre el riesgo de ocurrencia de cáncer colorrectal (CCR), cáncer de mama (CM), cáncer de próstata (CP) y urotelial (CU).Métodos: Se condujeron estudios caso-control, 2006-2012, correspondientes a CCR, CM, CP y CU. Empleando un análisis factorial de componentes principales se identificaron patrones alimentarios. Se estimaron ORs mediante regresión logística multinivel. Resultados: Se identificaron patrones característicos en la población general, y en hombres y mujeres independientemente. En población total, los patrones Cono Sur y Bebidas Azucaradas evidenciaron un efecto promotor para CCR y CU, y el Patrón Prudente mostró efecto protector. En mujeres, el CM se asoció de manera directa con los patrones Cono Sur Femenino, Rural y Amiláceo, e inversa con el Patrón Prudente. En hombres, los Patrones Cono Sur Masculino, Bebidas Azucaradas y Típico Mesurado mostraron un efecto promotor para CP. Conclusión: Resulta necesario promover una ingesta habitual de vegetales, frutas y lácteos (éstos últimos de manera moderada en hombres), y disminuir el consumo de carnes rojas (fundamentalmente grasas), carnes procesadas, vegetales amiláceos, vino y bebidas azucaradas, a fin de prevenir la ocurrencia de cáncer. En hombres se sugiere moderar la ingesta de huevos, y en mujeres la de granos refinados, productos de pastelería, aceites y mayonesa (AU)

Introduction: Feeding habits play a prominent role in carcinogenesis. The dietary patterns approach applied to the study of chronic diseases is of increasing interest in nutritional epidemiology. Nevertheless, it has been seldom used in Latin America. Objective: To identify dietary patterns in adult population in Cordoba (Argentina) and to estimate their effects on the risk of colon-rectal (CRC), urothelial (UC), breast (BC) and prostate(PC) cancers. Methods: Four case control studies were conducted, 2006-2012for CRC, PC, BC and UC. To identify the dietary patterns, a Principal Components Factor Analysis was conducted. A multilevel logistic regression was adjusted for the risk analyses. Results: Characteristic dietary patterns in the whole population, and in women and men independently, were identified. In the whole population South Cone and Sweet Beverages patterns behaved as promoters for CRC and UC while the Prudent Pattern had a protective effect. Female South Cone, Rural and Starchy patterns were associated to a higher BC risk. Prudent Pattern lowered BC risk. In men, South Cone, Sweet Beverages and Typical Measured patterns promoted PC. Conclusion: It is necessary to promote a regular intake of vegetables, fruits and diary products (although a moderate intake for men), and to reduce red meat (especially fat meat), processed meat, starchy vegetables, wine and sweet beverages intakes, to prevent the occurrence of cancer. In men, it is recommended a moderate intake of egg. In women, it is advised a moderate intake of refined grains, bakery products, oils and mayonnaise intake (AU)

[Micronutrients intake and urinary tract tumors in Córdoba, Argentina]. / Consumo de micronutrientes y tumores de vías urinarias en Córdoba, Argentina.

INTRODUCTION: Micronutrients content of habitually consumed foods comprise a causal network model of cancer, but the evaluation of their effect on this pathology represents a great challenge because of the interdependence in their usual consumption. Several studies reported that nutrients can modify the urinary tract tumors (UTT) risk, although such evidence is still limited. OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between dietary vitamins A, E, B6, C, phosphorus, selenium and zinc intakes and the presence of UTT in Córdoba, Argentina, considering the multicollinearity caused by the interdependence of their consumption. METHODS: A case control study was carried out including 129 cases with incident histopathologically confirmed UTT and 257 controls. A food frequency questionnaire previously validated was administrated to each subject. Dietary intakes of vitamins A, E, B6, C, phosphorus, selenium and zinc were the variables of interest, each showing high correlation with each other and thus, causing collinearity. So, multiple logistic regression models were adjusted and their adaptation to the presence of correlation, Ridge regression, to obtain the odds ratio (OR). The models included terms of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, occupational exposure to carcinogens, tobacco consumption and caloric intake as covariates. RESULTS: Vitamin E and vitamin B6 showed a slight protective effect (OR: 0.943, CI 95% 0.897-0.998 and OR: 0.730 CI 95% 0.457-1.167). Selenium was slightly promoter (OR: 1.012 CI 95% 1.001-1.023). CONCLUSION: When multicollinearity is considered in the model, it is possible to obtain more accurate estimates of the modulation that some micronutrients have on the risk of UTT more precisely.

Introducción: Los micronutrientes contenidos en los alimentos de consumo habitual integran el modelo de red causal del cáncer aunque su evaluación conjunta es compleja debido a la interdependencia en el consumo habitual. Diversos estudios reportaron que ciertos nutrientes pueden modificar el riesgo de desarrollar tumores de vías urinarias (TVU), aunque dicha evidencia es aún limitada. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre el consumo de vitaminas A, E, B6, C, fósforo, selenio y zinc procedentes de la dieta, y la presencia TVU en Córdoba, Argentina, entre 1999 y 2008, considerando la multicolinealidad entre sus consumos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio caso-control que incluyó 129 casos con TVU confirmados histopatológicamente y 257 controles. Se administró a cada sujeto un formulario de frecuencia alimentaria previamente validado. La ingesta de vitaminas A, E, B6 y C, fósforo, selenio y zinc fueron las variables de interés, presentando alta correlación entre sí y provocando colinealidad. Por ello, fueron ajustados modelos de regresión logística múltiple y su adaptación ante la presencia de correlación vía estimación Ridge, para la obtención de los odds ratio (OR), previa inclusión de las covariables sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), estrato socioeconómico, exposición ocupacional a carcinógenos, consumo de tabaco y consumo calórico. Resultados: Las vitaminas E y B6 evidenciaron un leve efecto protector (OR: 0,943, IC 95% 0,897-0,998 y OR: 0,730, IC 95% 0,457-1,167). El selenio resultó ligeramente promotor (OR: 1,012, IC 95% 1,001-1,023). Conclusión: Considerando la multicolinealidad es posible detectar de manera más precisa la modulación que algunos micronutrientes ejercen sobre el riesgo de TVU.

Consumo de micronutrientes y tumores de vías urinarias en Córdoba, Argentina / Micronutrients intake and urinary tract tumors in Córdoba, Argentina

Introducción: Los micronutrientes contenidos en los alimentos de consumo habitual integran el modelo de red causal del cáncer aunque su evaluación conjunta es compleja debido a la interdependencia en el consumo habitual. Diversos estudios reportaron que ciertos nutrientes pueden modificar el riesgo de desarrollar tumores de vías urinarias (TVU), aunque dicha evidencia es aún limitada. Objetivo: Identificar asociaciones entre el consumo de vitaminas A, E, B6, C, fósforo, selenio y zinc procedentes de la dieta, y la presencia TVU en Córdoba, Argentina, entre 1999 y 2008, considerando la multicolinealidad entre sus consumos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio caso-control que incluyó 129 casos con TVU confirmados histopatológicamente y 257 controles. Se administró a cada sujeto un formulario de frecuencia alimentaria previamente validado. La ingesta de vitaminas A, E, B6 y C, fósforo, selenio y zinc fueron las variables de interés, presentando alta correlación entre sí y provocando colinealidad. Por ello, fueron ajustados modelos de regresión logística múltiple y su adaptación ante la presencia de correlación vía estimación Ridge, para la obtención de los odds ratio (OR), previa inclusión de las covariables sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), estrato socioeconómico, exposición ocupacional a carcinógenos, consumo de tabaco y consumo calórico. Resultados: Las vitaminas E y B6 evidenciaron un leve efecto protector (OR: 0,943, IC 95% 0,897-0,998 y OR: 0,730, IC 95% 0,457-1,167). El selenio resultó ligeramente promotor (OR: 1,012, IC 95% 1,001-1,023). Conclusión: Considerando la multicolinealidad es posible detectar de manera más precisa la modulación que algunos micronutrientes ejercen sobre el riesgo de TVU (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Micronutrients content of habitually consumed foods comprise a causal network model of cancer, but the evaluation of their effect on this pathology represents a great challenge because of the interdependence in their usual consumption. Several studies reported that nutrients can modify the urinary tract tumors (UTT) risk, although such evidence is still limited. OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between dietary vitamins A, E, B6, C, phosphorus, selenium and zinc intakes and the presence of UTT in Córdoba, Argentina, considering the multicollinearity caused by the interdependence of their consumption. METHODS: A case control study was carried out including 129 cases with incident histopathologically confirmed UTT and 257 controls. A food frequency questionnaire previously validated was administrated to each subject. Dietary intakes of vitamins A, E, B6, C, phosphorus, selenium and zinc were the variables of interest, each showing high correlation with each other and thus, causing collinearity. So, multiple logistic regression models were adjusted and their adaptation to the presence of correlation, Ridge regression, to obtain the odds ratio (OR). The models included terms of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status, occupational exposure to carcinogens, tobacco consumption and caloric intake as covariates. RESULTS: Vitamin E and vitamin B6 showed a slight protective effect (OR: 0.943, CI 95% 0.897-0.998 and OR: 0.730 CI 95% 0.457-1.167). Selenium was slightly promoter (OR: 1.012 CI 95% 1.001-1.023).CONCLUSION: When multicollinearity is considered in the model, it is possible to obtain more accurate estimates of the modulation that some micronutrients have on the risk of UTT more precisely (AU)

Cancer incidence and pattern of arsenic concentration in drinking water wells in Córdoba, Argentina.

Cancer occurrence is associated with Arsenic (As) in drinking water. In Argentina, there are high As concentrations in groundwater but there is no published evidence yet of an association between geographic patterns of cancer incidence and the distribution of As in groundwater supplies. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between cancer incidence patterns and As in Córdoba province's aquifers. Age standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were obtained from Córdoba Cancer Registry (CCR), and As data from official reports of monitoring wells. A multilevel model was applied. Total ASIRs by aquifers for males/females were 191.01/249.22 (Rioja plain); 215.03/225.37 (Pampa hills); and 239.42/188.93 (Chaco-Pampa plain). As was associated with increased risk of colon cancer in women, and lung and bladder cancers in both sexes. It had no association with breast cancer. ASIRs were related to As, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. An overlapping pattern of higher As and higher risks was evident for lung, bladder and female colon cancers.