Salud mental de niños, niñas y adolescentes durante la pandemia COVID-19: descripción de diagnósticos atendidos en urgencia psiquiátrica Hospital Las Higueras, Talcahuano / Mental Health of Boys, Girls and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Description of diagnoses attended at Hospital Las Higueras' Psychiatric ER, in Talcahuano

Introducción: la pandemia por coronavirus COVID-19, es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, la cual ha provocado cambios sin precedentes en la vida de niños, niñas y adolescentes debido al cierre de escuelas y reducción de movilidad, presentando dificultades en la salud mental, contenidas por los servicios de urgencia psiquiátrica en tiempos de mayor confinamiento y restricción. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la realidad local respecto a los efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Métodos: es un estudio descriptivo transversal. Los participantes del estudio fueron la totalidad de la población infan-to-juvenil (≤18 años) atendida en la urgencia psiquiátrica del Hospital Higueras de Talcahuano, Chile, entre los años 2019 y 2021 (n=1059). Resultados: las mujeres y adolescentes son el grupo mayormente consultante. El trastorno ansioso es el diagnóstico más prevalente junto a trastornos emocionales y del comportamiento. Disminuye la suicidalidad y trastornos depresivos desde la prepandemia a los años de mayor confinamiento, pero aumenta la consulta del diagnóstico de trastorno de personalidad en mujeres. El grupo de esquizofrenia, psicosis y uso de drogas aumenta en hombres adolescentes. Conclusiones: si bien no se puede generalizar por ser realidad local y no tratarse de población general, es importante destacar los grupos de riesgo en el corto y largo plazo como las mujeres, adolescentes con trastornos ansiosos. Hombres adolescentes con inicio de esquizofrenia y/o psicosis y hombres adolescentes con uso y consumo de drogas.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by an infectious disease triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, brought unprecedented changes to the lives of boys, girls "and" adolescents, with the closure of schools "and" reduced mobility. This has led to mental health complications, which have been contained by psychiatric ER services during periods of greater confinement and restrictions. This study assesses the local reality considering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of boys, girls "and" adolescents.Method: This is a transversal descriptive study. The participants of the study were all from the infant-juvenile population (≤18 years old). They all received attention at Hospital Las Higueras' psychiatric ER in Talcahuano, Chile, between 2019 "and" 2021 (n=1059). Results: Girls and adolescents were the groups with the most consultations. Anxiety disorder is the most prevalent diagnosis, alongside emotional "and" behavioral disorders. The suicide rate "and" depressive disorders fall from the pre-pandemic period to the confinement period. However, consultations for personality disorders rose among women, "and" the group comprising schizophrenia, psychosis, and drug use, increased among adolescent men. Conclusions: Although it is not possible to make generalizations, as this article focuses on the local reality and does not cover the general population, it is essential to highlight the short and long-term risk groups such as women, adolescents with anxiety disorders, adolescent males with the onset of schizophrenia and/or psychosis, and adolescent males with drug use and misuse.

The cardiorespiratory response and physiological determinants of the 6-min handbike cycle test in healthy children: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The submaximal tests are used to measure aerobic capacity and correlate with activities of daily living in chronic patients. The 6-min handbike cycle test (6mhct) was created for nonambulatory subjects, but there are no reference values to quantify and classify the cardiorespiratory fitness of children in this condition. OBJECTIVE(S): Generate 6mhct reference values and determine predictive variables in a population of Chilean children between 8 and 13 years old. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Sampling for convenience, stratified by age. Evaluation of anthropometric variables, handgrip strength, heart rate (HR), effort perception, and blood pressure were performed, then the 6mhct was applied. Descriptive statistics, Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test, correlation coefficient, and regression equation were used to estimate the total revolutions by age, being significant p < 0.05. RESULTS: Were evaluated 120 children homogeneously distributed by age. The total revolutions performed by boys and girls were 861.4 ± 102.9 and 771.8 ± 90.2, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between total revolutions and age (r = .52), weight (r = .29), height (r = .46), average  UULL (length of the upper limb) length (r = .44), average handgrip strength (r = .53), peak HR (r = .67), recovery HR (r = .44), and HR reserve (r = .72). The regression equation was established. CONCLUSIONS: These results can be used as preliminary reference values for the 6mhct in Chilean children from 8 to 13 years old. Handgrip strength, age, peak HR, and HR reserve influenced the performance of the 6mhct.

Semantic Adaptation and Validation of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C, in the Chilean Population.

One of the difficulties of evaluating hypnotizability in Chile is the limited existence of validated instruments. In this study, the Mexican version of Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C, was semantically adapted and validated. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 Chilean university students. The content validation was performed by 3 experts; the internal consistency was evaluated with KR-20. The difficulty of the items was measured with a difficulty index. The majority of the students were classified with high hypnotizability. The mean score obtained was 7.41 (SD = 1.84). The internal consistency was acceptable (KR-20 = 0.73). The item with the least difficulty was arm lowering, whereas the auditory hallucination was the item with the greatest difficulty. The survey showed metric properties to be considered as a valid and reliable instrument to measure the level of hypnotizability in the Chilean population.

Factores asociados al no diagnóstico de hipertensión o diabetes en brasileños ≥ 40 años / Factors associated with the non-diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes in Brazilians ≥ 40 years of age

RESUMEN Se determinaron factores sociodemográficos, de salud, estilos de vida y conductas alimentarias asociados al no diagnóstico de hipertensión y/o diabetes, y se compararon entre diagnosticados y no diagnosticados. Estudio poblacional realizado en Cambé-Brasil, en 386 individuos no institucionalizados seleccionados aleatoriamente. Mediante regresión logística se asoció hipertensión y/o diabetes no diagnosticada con características sociodemográficas, de salud, estilos de vida y conductas alimentarias. Del total de sujetos estudiados el 78% conocía su condición de hipertenso y/o diabético, mientras que el 22% no lo sabía. En análisis ajustados fue menor la probabilidad de hipertensión y/o diabetes no diagnosticada en las mujeres (OR 0,49; IC95% 0,29;0,81), los obesos (OR 0,43; IC95% 0,24;0,75), y los con mala calidad del sueño (OR 0,49; IC95% 0,28;0,86). Aquellos que abusaban del alcohol (OR 2,85; IC95% 1,46;5,54) o consumían frutas ≤4 veces/semana (OR 1,93; IC95% 1,12;3,33) tuvieron mayor probabilidad de tener estas enfermedades sin diagnosticar. Se observan diferencias en los comportamientos de salud de diabéticos o hipertensos no diagnosticados respecto a los diagnosticados. Ser hombre y no tener obesidad se asoció a la presencia de estas enfermedades sin diagnosticar. Los diagnosticados tienen peor calidad del sueño. No obstante, tienen mejores indicadores respecto del consumo abusivo de alcohol y frutas.

ABSTRACT Factors related to non-diagnosis of hypertension and/or diabetes, including socio-demographics, health, lifestyle and eating behaviors were identified and compared between diagnosed and undiagnosed persons. A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in Cambé, Brazil, among 386 randomly selected non-institutionalized individuals. Using logistic regression, the association between undiagnosed hypertension and/or diabetes and sociodemographic, health and lifestyle characteristics was evaluated. The majority of subjects (78%) knew their hypertensive and/or diabetes condition, while 22% did not. In adjusted analyses, the probability of undiagnosed hypertension and/or diabetes in women, obese, and patients with poor sleep quality was lower than the odds among men (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.29; 0.81), non-obese participants (OR 0.43; 95%CI 0.24; 0.75) and those with better sleep quality (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.28;0.86), respectively. Those who abused alcohol versus those who did not (OR 2.85; 95%CI 1.46; 5.54) or consumed fruit ≤4 times a week compared to those who consumed 4 or more (OR 1.93; 95%CI 1.12; 3.33) were more likely to have these undiagnosed diseases. There were differences observed in health behaviors of undiagnosed diabetics or hypertensives compared to those who were diagnosed. Being a man and not being obese were associated with being undiagnosed. Diagnosed individuals had poorer sleep quality. However, they had better indicators regarding alcohol abuse and fruit consumption.

Prevalencia de antecedentes sexuales de riesgo en mujeres privadas de libertad. Análisis exploratorio de factores asociados a comportamientos de alto riesgo / Prevalence of a history of risky sexual behaviours among women in jail. Exploratory analysis of factors associated with high risk behaviours

RESUMEN Objetivos: Describir prevalência de antecedentes de comportamientos sexuales de riesgo en reclusas de Concepción (Chile) en 2016, y realizar análisis exploratorio de factores asociados a conductas de riesgo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con análisis exploratorio, realizado en reclusas del complejo penitenciario El Manzano, con 18 años o más, pertenecientes al sistema cerrado carcelario y con inicio de actividad sexual. Muestreo por conveniencia. Se evaluaron antecedentes de conductas sexuales de riesgo, factores sociodemográficos, contexto familiar y estilos de vida. Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas para análisis descriptivo, y odds ratio para análisis de factores asociados. Resultados: Participaron 73 mujeres en privación de la libertad. El 60 % inició su actividad sexual antes de los 16 años y fue madre adolescente. Alrededor del 40 % tuvo relaciones sexuales bajo el efecto del alcohol o las drogas, y cerca del 20 % fue agredida sexualmente en algún momento de su vida. Cerca del 9 % refirió no ser fiel a sus parejas o estar pasando por un proceso de homosexualidad situacional. Las reclusas con > 6 conductas sexuales riesgosas mostraron mayor probabilidad de haber sufrido violencia intrafamiliar (OR = 3,57; IC 95 %: 1,05-12,11), consumir drogas (OR= 4,83; IC 95 %1,42-16,40) o alcohol (OR= 3,63; IC 95 %: 1,15-11,42). Sin embargo, pertenecer a una religión cristiana se asoció a menor probabilidad de comportamiento sexual de riesgo (OR = 0,26; IC 95 %: 0,07-0,90). Conclusión: Las principales conductas sexuales de riesgo fueron iniciar la actividad sexual antes de los 16 años y haber sido madre adolescente. Por otro lado, pertenecer a una ideología religiosa fue factor protector de este comportamiento sexual.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe the prevalence of a history of risky sexual behaviours among female prisoners in Concepción-Chile 2016, and to conduct an exploratory analysis of the factors associated with these risky behaviours. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with exploratory analysis, conducted in females held prisoners at the "El Manzano" Penitentiary Complex, 18 years of age or older, belonging to the closed jail system, and having already initiated sexual activity. Convenience sampling was used. A background history of risky sexual behaviours, sociodemographic factors, family context and life-style was assessed. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the descriptive analysis, and odds ratios for associated factors. Results: The participants were 73 women in jail. Of them, 60 % initiated their sexual activity before 16 years of age and were teenage mothers. Close to 40% had intercourse under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and close to 20% sexually assaulted at some point in their lives. Approximately 9 % reported not being faithful to their partners or being in a process of situational homosexuality. Prisoners with >6 risky sexual behaviours had a higher probability of having suffered family violence (OR = 3.57; 95 % CI 1.05-12.11), abused drugs (OR = 4.83; 95 % CI 1.42-16.40) or alcohol (OR = 3.63; 95 % CI 1.1511.42). However, belonging to a Christian religion was associated with a lower probability of risky sexual behaviours (OR = 0.26; 95 % CI 0.07-0.90). Conclusion: The main risky sexual behaviours included sexual activity initiation before 16 years of age, and teenage motherhood. On the other hand, affiliation to a religious ideology was protective from these sexual behaviours.

Prevalencia de conductas sexuales de riesgo en estudiantes de primer año de pregrado de la universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile, 2016: estudio descriptivo / Prevalence of risky sexual behaviours among first-year undergraduate students at Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción-Chile, 2016: Descriptive study

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de conductas sexuales de riesgo en adolescentes, y compararlas según sexo en una población universitaria en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado en estudiantes de primer año de pregrado, matriculados en 2016, en una universidad privada ubicada en Concepción, Chile. Tamaño muestral: 328 sujetos; muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, conductas sexuales de riesgo y otras conductas de caracterización sexual. Por otra parte, se compararon conductas sexuales de riesgo según sexo. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, el análisis comparativo se realizó mediante Ji cuadrado o Exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Se estudiaron 107 mujeres y 77 hombres. Las principales conductas sexuales de riesgo fueron el inicio de la actividad sexual antes de los 18 años (88,31 %; 74,77 % respectivamente), haber tenido más de una pareja sexual (66,24 %; 53,27 % respectivamente) y una muy baja frecuencia del uso de preservativo durante la relación en mujeres (48 %). Al comparar las conductas por sexo se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la edad de inicio de la actividad sexual (p = 0,022), en el número de parejas sexuales (p = 0,008) y en el uso de preservativo (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los estudiantes adolescentes mostraron conductas sexuales de riesgo. Estos resultados dan luces sobre la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas públicas chilenas dirigidas a la población adolescente joven, sobre todo si se considera que dentro de los objetivos estratégicos de salud chilenos se encuentran la disminución del embarazo adolescente y de las infecciones de transmisión sexual.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the prevalence of risky sexual behaviours in adolescents and to make a comparison by sex in a population of undergraduate students in Chile. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in first-year undergraduate students enrolled in 2016 in a private university in Concepción-Chile. The sample size consisted of 328 subjects, and non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used. The variables measured were sociodemographic characteristics, risky sexual behaviours and other sexual characterisation behaviours. On the other hand risky sexual behaviours were compared by sex. Descriptive statistics were used and the Chi square test or Fisher's exact test were used for the comparative analysis. Results: Overall, 107 women and 77 men were studied. The main risky sexual behaviours were initiation of sexual activity before 18 years of age (88.31 %; 74.77 %, respectively), having had more than one sexual partner (66.24 %; 53.27 %, respectively), and a very low frequency of preservative use during intercourse in women (48 %). Comparison of behaviours by sex showed statistically significant differences between men and women in terms of the age of initiation of sexual activity (p = 0.022), the number of sex partners (p = 0.008), and preservative use (p = 0.001). Conclusions: More than half of the adolescent students exhibited risky sexual behaviours. These results shed light on the need to strengthen public policy pertaining to the population of adolescents and young adults in Chile, in particular considering that reducing teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is one of the strategic health goals in Chile.

Factores asociados a mala calidad de sueño en población brasilera a partir de los 40 años de edad: estudio VIGICARDIO / Factors associated with poor sleep quality in the Brazilian population ≥ 40 years of age: VIGICARDIO Study

Objetivos: Se determinó la prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño en hombres y mujeres ≥40 años del Estudio VIGICARDIO, y se identificaron factores sociodemográficos, de salud, de estilos de vida y de capital social relacionados con una mala calidad del sueño. Métodos: Estudio de base poblacional realizado en Cambé, Estado de Paraná, Brasil, en el año 2011, con 1058 individuos no institucionalizados seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se evaluó, mediante regresión logística, la asociación entre la calidad del sueño y factores sociodemográficos, de salud, estilos de vida y capital social en hombres y mujeres. Resultados: La prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño fue de un 34% en los hombres y de un 44% en las mujeres. Tener mala o regular percepción de la salud fue un factor asociado a mala calidad del sueño en los hombres (odds ratio [OR] 1,79; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,17-2,72) y en las mujeres (OR: 2,43; IC95%: 1,68-3,53). Ser obesa (OR: 1,67; IC95%: 1,13-2,46), tener depresión (OR: 2,09; IC95%: 1,41-3,13) y presentar dificultad para localizarse en el tiempo (OR: 1,95; IC95%: 1,08-3,52) fueron factores asociados en las mujeres. La dificultad para comprender lo que se explica (OR: 2,18; IC95%: 1,16-4,09) y un consumo abusivo de alcohol (OR: 1,85; IC95%: 1,21-2,83) fueron factores asociados en los hombres. Conclusión: Son diferentes los factores que intervienen en la calidad del sueño de hombres y mujeres, por lo que deben considerarse a la hora de desarrollar actividades que promuevan su buena calidad, lo que permitiría mejorar la efectividad de las acciones (AU)

Objective: The prevalence of poor sleep quality in men and women ≥ 40 years old from the VIGICARDIO Study was determined, and sociodemographic, health, lifestyle and social capital factors associated with poor sleep quality were identified. Methods A population-based study conducted in 2011 among 1,058 non-institutionalised individuals randomly selected from Cambé, Paraná State, Brazil. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between sleep quality and sociodemographic, health, lifestyle and social capital factors in men and women. Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 34% in men and 44% in women. Having bad/regular self-rated health status was a factor associated with poor sleep quality in men (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.17-2.72) and women (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.68-3.53). Being obese (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.13-2.46), having depression (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.41-3.13) and presenting temporal orientation difficulties (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.08-3.52) were associated factors in women. Difficulty to understand what is explained (OR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.16-4.09) and alcohol abuse (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.21-2.83) were associated factors in men. Conclusion: Factors affecting sleep quality are different for men and for women. These factors should be taken into consideration when devising activities that promote good sleep quality, with a view to improving their effectiveness (AU)

[Factors associated with poor sleep quality in the Brazilian population ≥ 40 years of age: VIGICARDIO Study]. / Factores asociados a mala calidad de sueño en población brasilera a partir de los 40 años de edad: estudio VIGICARDIO.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of poor sleep quality in men and women ≥ 40 years old from the VIGICARDIO Study was determined, and sociodemographic, health, lifestyle and social capital factors associated with poor sleep quality were identified. METHODS: A population-based study conducted in 2011 among 1,058 non-institutionalised individuals randomly selected from Cambé, Paraná State, Brazil. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between sleep quality and sociodemographic, health, lifestyle and social capital factors in men and women. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 34% in men and 44% in women. Having bad/regular self-rated health status was a factor associated with poor sleep quality in men (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.17-2.72) and women (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.68-3.53). Being obese (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.13-2.46), having depression (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.41-3.13) and presenting temporal orientation difficulties (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.08-3.52) were associated factors in women. Difficulty to understand what is explained (OR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.16-4.09) and alcohol abuse (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.21-2.83) were associated factors in men. CONCLUSION: Factors affecting sleep quality are different for men and for women. These factors should be taken into consideration when devising activities that promote good sleep quality, with a view to improving their effectiveness.

Obesity-related eating behaviors are associated with higher food energy density and higher consumption of sugary and alcoholic beverages: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity-related eating behaviors (OREB) are associated with higher energy intake. Total energy intake can be decomposed into the following constituents: food portion size, food energy density, the number of eating occasions, and the energy intake from energy-rich beverages. To our knowledge this is the first study to examine the association between the OREB and these energy components. METHODS: Data were taken from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 among 11,546 individuals representative of the Spanish population aged ≥ 18 years. Information was obtained on the following 8 self-reported OREB: not planning how much to eat before sitting down, eating precooked/canned food or snacks bought at vending machines or at fast-food restaurants, not choosing low-energy foods, not removing visible fat from meat or skin from chicken, and eating while watching TV. Usual diet was assessed with a validated diet history. Analyses were performed with linear regression with adjustment for main confounders. RESULTS: Compared to individuals with ≤ 1 OREB, those with ≥ 5 OREB had a higher food energy density (ß 0.10; 95% CI 0.08, 0.12 kcal/g/day; p-trend<0.001) and a higher consumption of sugary drinks (ß 7; 95% CI -7, 20 ml/day; p-trend<0.05) and of alcoholic beverages (ß 24; 95% CI 10, 38 ml/day; p-trend<0.001). Specifically, a higher number of OREB was associated with higher intake of dairy products and red meat, and with lower consumption of fresh fruit, oily fish and white meat. No association was found between the number of OREB and food portion size or the number of eating occasions. CONCLUSIONS: OREB were associated with higher food energy density and higher consumption of sugary and alcoholic beverages. Avoiding OREB may prove difficult because they are firmly socially rooted, but these results may nevertheless serve to palliate the undesirable effects of OREB by reducing the associated energy intake.

Food sources of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar in the Spanish hypertensive and diabetic population.

OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown that the diet of hypertensive and diabetic patients has a low accordance with the main nutritional recommendations, mostly due to the high intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugars. This is the first study to identify the main food sources of these nutrients in these patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population, including 2323 patients with hypertension and 635 with diabetes. The habitual diet was assessed using a validated diet history. The intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugars was estimated with Spanish food composition tables. RESULTS: The hypertensive and diabetic population showed, respectively, an intake of 2.9 and 3.1 g/day of sodium, 26 and 26 g/day of saturated fat, and 33 and 24 g/day of added sugar. In hypertensive and diabetic patients, respectively, most sodium intake came from bread (35%, 34%), raw-cured sausages (15%, 15%), cooked sausages (6%, 7%), and soup (5%, 6%). The main sources of saturated fat were cured cheese (13%, 13%), bakery products (12%, 11%), red meat (10%, 11%), raw-cured sausages (8%, 9%) and whole milk (4%, 4%). The food groups that most contributed to added sugar intake were sugar directly added to coffee and other beverages (27%, 19%), bakery products (15%, 19%), sugary soft drinks (10%, 13%), and whole yogurt (9%, 12%). The main food sources of nutrients were similar in all sex and age groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with hypertension and diabetes, the intake of sodium, saturated fat and added sugar can be substantially reduced by prioritizing low-salt varieties of bread, reducing the consumption of bakery products and sausages, replacing cured cheese and other whole dairy products by low-fat products, using non-sugary sweeteners, and substituting sugar-free soft drinks, or plain water, for sugary sodas.

The diet of diabetic patients in Spain in 2008-2010: accordance with the main dietary recommendations--a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: No previous study has assessed the diet of the diabetic patients in the general population of an entire country in Europe. This study evaluates accordance of the diet of diabetic adults in Spain with nutritional recommendations of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), American Diabetes Association (ADA), and the Mediterranean diet (MD). METHODS AND FINDINGS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008-2010 among 12,948 persons representative of the population aged ≥18 years in Spain. Usual food consumption was assessed with a dietary history. EASD accordance was defined as ≥6 points on a score of 12 nutritional goals, ADA accordance as ≥3 points on a score of 6 goals, and MD accordance as ≥7 points on the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. In the 609 diagnosed diabetic individuals, the diet was rich in saturated fat (11.2% of total energy), but trans fat intake was relatively low (1.1% energy) and monounsaturated fat intake was high (16.1% energy). Carbohydrate intake was relatively low (41.1% energy), but sugar intake was high (16.9% energy). Intake of cholesterol (322 mg/day) and sodium (3.1 g/day) was also high, while fiber intake was insufficient (23.8 g/day). EASD accordance was observed in 48.7% diabetic patients, ADA accordance in 46.3%, and MD accordance in 57.4%. The frequency of EASD, ADA and MD accordance was not statistically different between diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetic individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Only about half of diabetic patients in Spain have a diet that is consistent with the major dietary recommendations. The lack of dietary differences between diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetic individuals reflects deficiencies in diabetes management.