Beyond the Initial Assault: Characterizing Revictimization in Intimate Partner Violence and Its Implications for Women's Health.

Recent research has emphasized the importance of addressing specific victim-related factors to reduce victims' vulnerability and prevent future revictimization experiences. This study aimed to analyze the vulnerability profiles of women who were victims of intimate partner violence, including those who had experienced a single incident of violence and those who had endured revictimization. Participants were 338 women with active judicial protection measures registered in the system of support for victims of gender violence (VioGén) in Madrid, Spain. The analysis considered sociodemographic characteristics, victimization history, perceived triggers of violence, women's responses and feelings, as well as clinical outcomes linked to revictimization history. The study revealed that many victims faced socioeconomic vulnerability. Furthermore, the findings underscored the intricate link between the likelihood of enduring chronic violence and women's awareness of early indicators of violence risk, their initial responses to aggression, communication skills, and recurrent behaviors in the context of an established violent dynamic. This study offers valuable insights for law enforcement to identify the risk of revictimization. Furthermore, findings raise awareness about the particularly vulnerable situation of some women to repeated victimization experiences and provide relevant information for clinical intervention.

Factors Associated with Revictimization in Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study conducted a meta-analysis to identify the primary risk and protective factors associated with the revictimization in intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). Out of 2382 studies initially identified in eight databases, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided the necessary data for calculating pooled effect sizes. The analysis focused on non-manipulative quantitative studies examining revictimization in heterosexual women of legal age. Separate statistical analyses were performed for prospective and retrospective studies, resulting in findings related to 14 variables. The Metafor package in RStudio was used with a random-effects model. The meta-analysis revealed that childhood abuse was the most strongly associated risk factor for revictimization, while belonging to a white ethnicity was the most prominent protective factor. Other significant risk factors included alcohol and drug use, recent physical violence, severity of violence, and PTSD symptomatology. The study also found that older age was a protective factor in prospective studies. The consistency of results across different study designs and sensitivity analyses further supported the robustness of the findings. It is important to note that the existing literature on revictimization in women facing intimate partner violence is limited and exhibits significant heterogeneity in terms of methodology and conceptual frameworks.

Intimate partner violence among adolescents: Prevalence rates after one decade of research.

INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence research and intervention strategies have grown substantially over the last two decades. However, little research has examined whether the intimate partner prevalence has changed or remained stable over time in Spain. Moreover, few studies have analyzed whether intimate partner violence prevalence rates among genders and age groups have fluctuated similarly or not. METHOD: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends observed in intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization rates among adolescents in three sample cohorts from Spain interviewed in 2006, 2010, and 2016 (4591 Spanish adolescents; 53.6% girls and 46.2% boys). ANCOVA was used to compare the population means between the cohorts: sex, age, and the type of intimate partner violence, for example, verbal, physical, and sexual. RESULTS: The results showed a significant decrease in intimate partner violence rates from 2006 to 2016, which was more noticeable within the first half of this decade. Throughout the decade, the girls perpetrated more verbal and mild physical assaults, while the boys perpetrated more sexual assaults. However, these results suggest a clear bidirectional intimate partner violence dynamic between the genders. Additionally, late adolescence reported a higher prevalence of aggressions. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the need to adapt current prevention strategies considering the differences in the intimate partner violence trajectories based on sex and age, with the aim of regaining the marked rate of decline in aggression observed up to 2010.

Does time heal all wounds? How is children's exposure to intimate partner violence related to their current internalizing symptoms?

The effects of time and the longitudinal course of the children's internalizing symptoms following Intimate Partner Violence Exposure (IPVE) are still of great interest today. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the frequency of IPVE, adverse experiences after the cessation of the IPVE and the time elapsed since the termination of the violent relation on the prevalence of anxiety and depression among children. Participants were 107 children and their mothers who had been victims of IPV and had existing judicial protection and restraining orders. Hierarchical logistic regression models were estimated to analyze children's adjustment, considering the effect of the time elapsed since the termination, frequency of IPVE, experiences of revictimization, maternal pathology, and anxious anticipation of the mother at the prospect of future harm. Exposure to multiple events of violence at the hands of multiple ex-partners and higher scores in the mother's anxious anticipation were significant predictors of children's pathological depression and anxiety. Our results emphasize the need for early psychological evaluation of women and children's victims of IPV to provide timely interventions that avoid symptoms from becoming chronic. Strategies to bring support and emotional security to the victims after the end of the violent relationship are desirable.

Childhood maltreatment: The role of concurrent advantageous experiences on adolescents' psychosocial adjustment.

Despite the growing body of evidence concerning the harmful effects of childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure (IPVE) and their correlates, little is currently known about the effects of co-occurring advantageous family conditions (e.g., instrumental support, inductive parenting, positive communication) and how they may serve to offset the detrimental effects of maltreatment and IPVE. The present study applied a three-step latent class analysis to identify the co-occurrence patterns of childhood maltreatment and advantageous family conditions among 1379 Spanish adolescents. The study also sought to identify the sociodemographic risk markers and psychosocial adjustment associated with each latent class membership. The analyses revealed four classes, namely (1) violent family context, (2) emotionally neglectful family context, (3) adverse and advantageous family conditions, and (4) positive family context. Having a lower socioeconomic status and being a migrant were both risk markers for membership to the violent family context as well as to the adverse and advantageous family conditions class. Adolescents who were exposed to advantageous family conditions (e.g., the positive family context or the adverse and advantageous family conditions) exhibited fewer psychosocial problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, somatisation) and lower frequencies of teen dating violence (TDV) when compared with those in the violent family context. Moreover, membership to the emotionally neglectful family context class was related to more psychological symptoms and a higher prevalence of TDV when compared with membership to the positive family context class, despite the absence of IPVE and maltreatment. Overall, the results provide evidence that advantageous family conditions contribute to better psychosocial adjustment on the part of adolescents even when exposed to IPV and maltreatment. Identifying the experiences that contribute to adolescents' psychosocial adjustment could help clinical and governmental interventions tailor their often-limited resources to children who are at greater risk of negative outcomes.

Violence in dating relationships: Validation of the Dominating and Jealous Tactics Scale in Spanish youth / Violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo: validación de la escala de tácticas dominantes y celosas en jóvenes españoles

The Dominant and Jealous Tactics Scale (Kasian & Painter, 1992) is one of the most extensively used instruments to measure dominance and jealousy in dating relationships of young adults and adolescents. The goal of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of this scale and validate its adequacy for young Spanish population. the sample was made up of 8105 youths from the Region of Madrid, aged between 14 and 26 years. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicate two correlated factors: Dominant Tactics and Jealous Tactics, along the lines of the original study. The reliability of the scale was good. With regard to convergent validity, positive and significant correlations were observed with the modified version of the Conflicts Tactics Scale (M-CTS; Neidig, 1986), which measures physical and verbal violence in dating relationships. With regard to known groups validity, we observed significant differences in dominant and jealous tactics as a function of age and gender, in the expected direction. This scale is a reliable and valid instrument to assess dominant and jealous tactics in dating relationships of youth and adolescents in Spain

La Escala de Tácticas Dominates y Celosas (Kasian y Painter, 1992) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para medir dominancia y celos en las relaciones de noviazgo en jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de esta escala y validar su adecuación en población juvenil española. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 8105 jovenes de la Comunidad de Madrid, con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 26 años. Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio indican que existen dos factores correlacionados: tácticas dominantes y tácticas celosas, en la línea del estudio original. La fiabilidad de la escala fue satisfactoria. En cuanto a la validez convergente, se observan correlaciones positivas y significativas con la verisón modificada de la Escala de Tácticas de Conflicto (M-CTS; Neidig, 1986) que mide violencia física y verbal en relaciones de noviazgo. En cuanto a la validez de grupos conocidos, se observan diferencias significativas en tácticas dominantes y celosas en función de la edad y el género, en el sentido esperado. Esta escala constituye un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar tácticas dominantes y celosas en relaciones de parejas de jóvenes y adolescentes en España

Short-term treatment response, attrition and recidivism in a partner violent men typology compared with a control group / Respuesta al tratamiento a corto plazo, abandonos y reincidencia en una tipología de hombres violentos hacia la pareja en comparación con un grupo control

The goal of this study is to analyze the short-term effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program in a sample of partner violent men, compared to a waiting-list control group. The sample consists of 347 men: 303 in the experimental group -divided into three subtypes according to the level of partner violence and the presence of psychopathology- and 44 in the control group. The dropout rate was 12.2%. Results reveal greater reduction of the levels of self-reported violence in all three subtypes, compared to the control group. Regarding police recidivism, the experimental group subtypes obtain better results than the control group. Lastly, higher level of justification of violent partner behavior after participating in the program and having attended fewer therapy sessions, predict higher levels of recidivism. Results highlight the benefit of participating in the treatment program, and the need to adapt programs to participants' characteristics

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficacia a corto plazo de un programa de tratamiento cognitivo conductual en una muestra de hombres violentos hacia la pareja y condenados por un delito de violencia de género, en comparación con un grupo de control en lista de espera. Participaron 347 hombres: 303 en grupo experimental (GE) -dividido en tres subtipos en función del nivel de violencia hacia la pareja y la presencia de psicopatología- y 44 en grupo control (GC). La tasa de abandonos fue del 12,2%. Los resultados indican una mayor reducción de los niveles de violencia autoinformada en los tres subtipos, comparados con el GC. Respecto a la reincidencia policial, los subtipos del GE obtienen mejores resultados que el GC. Por último, un mayor nivel de justificación de la violencia hacia la pareja tras el programa y haber asistido a un menor número de sesiones, predicen niveles más altos de reincidencia. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto el beneficio que supone participar en el programa de tratamiento y la necesidad de adaptarlos en función de las características de los participantes

Subtypes of batterers in treatment: empirical support for a distinction between type I, type II and type III.

This study explores the existence of different types of batterers in a sample of 266 men who had been court referred for intimate partner violence. The data collected in the assessment that have been used to perform a hierarchical and a two-step cluster analysis fall into three areas: aggression towards the partner, general aggression and presence of psychopathology and personality traits, more specifically, alcohol use, borderline and antisocial personality traits, psychopathy traits, state anger and trait anger, anger expression and control, anger, hostility, and, finally, impulsivity. The results show a typology consisting of 3 types of batterers on the basis of violence level and psychopathology: low (65%), moderate (27.8%) and high (7.1%). This study provides empirical support for the development of batterer typologies. These typologies will help achieve early detection of different types of batterers, allowing us to tailor interventions on the basis of the needs of each of the types.

Evaluación de un programa de prevención de la violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo: indicaciones tras un estudio piloto / Evaluating a dating violence prevention program: preliminary findings of a pilot study

El objetivo de este estudio piloto fue analizar la eficacia de un programa de prevención de la violencia en el noviazgo para modificar las actitudes que justifican la agresión y disminuir los comportamientos de agresión física y psicológica. Se empleó una muestra incidental de 104 estudiantes de instituto (52,9% mujeres), con una edad media de 15,44 años (DT= 1,12). Los participantes fueron evaluados a través de escalas de autoinforme aplicadas una semana antes y una semana después de la implementación del programa de prevención. Los resultados muestran una disminución significativa de las actitudes que justifican el uso de la agresión física y psicológica (tanto cuando son ejercidas por un hombre, p< 0,01; como por una mujer, p< 0,001), sin diferencias en función del sexo de los participantes y el nivel previo de agresión. No se produjeron cambios en las conductas de agresión. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos son esperanzadores, aunque estudios futuros deben aclarar el efecto del programa a largo plazo, especialmente en lo referente a los comportamientos agresivos (AU)

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a dating violence prevention program on attitudes justifying aggression and on physical and psychological aggressive behaviors. The study was conducted using a convenience sample of 104 high school students (52.9% females), with an average age of 15.44 years (SD= 1.12). Participants were assessed through self-report scales administered one week before and one week after program implementation. The results show a significant decrease in attitudes that justify the use of physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships (both when they are perpetrated by a male, p< .01, and when they are perpetrated by a female, p< .001), with no differences as a function of respondents’ sex or prior involvement in dating aggression. There were no changes in the levels of actual aggressive behaviors. It is concluded that the prevention program shows promise for preventing dating violence among adolescents. Nevertheless, future research is needed to clarify the long-term effect of the program, especially on aggressive behaviors

Corporal punishment and long-term behavior problems: the moderating role of positive parenting and psychological aggression.

The aims of this study were: (a) to examine the prevalence of corporal punishment (CP) of children in Spain; (b) to analyze the extent to which CP is used in combination with psychological aggression and positive parenting among Spanish parents; and (c) to investigate whether the relation between CP and behavior problems is moderated by a positive parenting context in which CP may be used, and by the co-occurrence of psychological aggression. The sample comprised 1,071 Spanish university students (74.8% female; 25.2% male). Findings indicate a high prevalence of CP of Spanish students, revealing that significantly more mothers than fathers used CP. Furthermore, more CP is related to more use of psychological aggression and less of positive parenting. Regression analyses revealed that CP was associated with an increased probability of antisocial traits and behaviors regardless of whether there was positive parenting and psychological aggression. These results highlight that, though many Spanish parents use CP as a disciplinary strategy, it appears to be related to negative outcomes for children regardless the parental context in which it is used.

Analysis of the indicators of pathological internet use in Spanish university Students

Addiction to and problematic use of the Internet are relatively recent phenomena whose scope, characteristics and correlates have begun to receive increasing attention by clinicians and researchers alike. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between time spent connected to the Internet and the variables that indicate a pathological and addictive use of this technological resource. The sample was comprised of 1,301 university students of both sexes (927 women and 374 men), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old. The results showed that, although most people use the Internet appropriately, users who invest higher quantities of time in the Internet more frequently exhibit connection behavior that is controlled through negative reinforcement, a high degree of arousal when online, loss of control over connection behavior, changes in health-related habits, and interference in the social, family, academic, or work spheres. These findings suggest that excessive Internet use is associated with the onset of several problems that are similar to those associated with other behavioral and technological addictions (AU)

La adicción a Internet y su uso problemático constituyen fenómenos relativamente recientes cuyo alcance, características y correlatos han comenzado a recibir atención creciente por parte de clínicos e investigadores. La finalidad de este estudio consistió en examinar la relación entre el tiempo dedicado a conectarse a Internet y diversas variables indicativas de un uso patológico y adictivo de este recurso tecnológico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1,301 estudiantes universitarios de ambos sexos (927 mujeres y 374 hombres), con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 30 años. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que, si bien la mayoría de las personas hacen un uso adecuado de Internet, los usuarios que invierten mayores cantidades de tiempo en la red presentan con mayor frecuencia una conducta de conexión controlada por reforzadores negativos, alto grado de excitación cuando están en Internet, pérdida de control sobre la conducta de conexión, cambios en los hábitos de salud e interferencia a nivel social, familiar, académico o laboral. Estos hallazgos sugieren la aparición de diversos problemas asociados al empleo excesivo de Internet que son similares a los de otras adicciones conductuales y tecnológicas (AU)

Analysis of the indicators of pathological Internet use in Spanish university students.

Addiction to and problematic use of the Internet are relatively recent phenomena whose scope, characteristics and correlates have begun to receive increasing attention by clinicians and researchers alike. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between time spent connected to the Internet and the variables that indicate a pathological and addictive use of this technological resource. The sample was comprised of 1,301 university students of both sexes (927 women and 374 men), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old. The results showed that, although most people use the Internet appropriately, users who invest higher quantities of time in the Internet more frequently exhibit connection behavior that is controlled through negative reinforcement, a high degree of arousal when online, loss of control over connection behavior, changes in health-related habits, and interference in the social, family, academic, or work spheres. These findings suggest that excessive Internet use is associated with the onset of several problems that are similar to those associated with other behavioral and technological addictions.

Corporal punishment and long-term behavior problems: the moderating role of positive parenting and psychological aggression / Castigo físico y consecuencias a largo plazo: el papel moderador del contexto parental positivo y la agresión psicológica

The aims of this study were: (a) to examine the prevalence of corporal punishment (CP) of children in Spain; (b) to analyze the extent to which CP is used in combination with psychological aggression and positive parenting among Spanish parents; and (c) to investigate whether the relation between CP and behavior problems is moderated by a positive parenting context in which CP may be used, and by the co-occurrence of psychological aggression. The sample comprised 1,071 Spanish university students (74.8% female; 25.2% male). Findings indicate a high prevalence of CP of Spanish students, revealing that significantly more mothers than fathers used CP. Furthermore, more CP is related to more use of psychological aggression and less of positive parenting. Regression analyses revealed that CP was associated with an increased probability of antisocial traits and behaviors regardless of whether there was positive parenting and psychological aggression. These results highlight that, though many Spanish parents use CP as a disciplinary strategy, it appears to be related to negative outcomes for children regardless the parental context in which it is used (AU)

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (a) examinar la prevalencia del Castigo Físico (CF) en una muestra española; (b) analizar la medida en la que el CF es usado en combinación con agresión psicológica y en un contexto parental positivo; y (c) estudiar si la relación entre el CF y diferentes consecuencias negativas a largo plazo es moderada por el contexto parental en el que el CF es usado y por la coocurrencia de agresión psicológica. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 1.071 estudiantes universitarios españoles (74,8% mujeres). Los hallazgos mostraron una alta prevalencia del CF entre universitarios españoles, revelando también que es usado con mayor frecuencia por las madres que por los padres. Los análisis de regresión pusieron de manifiesto que el CF se asocia con una mayor probabilidad de personalidad y conducta antisocial independientemente de si es usado junto con agresión psicológica o en un contexto parental positivo. Estos resultados sugieren que, aunque muchos padres españoles lo emplean como una estrategia disciplinaria, el CF parece estar relacionado con consecuencias negativas a largo plazo con independencia del contexto en el que es usado (AU)

Prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults / Prevalencia y predictores de la agresión sexual en las relaciones de noviazgo en adolescentes y jóvenes

Dyadic influences among the diverse forms of aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults have been reported in various studies. The goal of this research was to extend a dyadic model of physical aggression against partners to sexual aggression against partners. An urban sample of 4,052 adolescents and young adults of both genders, between 16 and 26 years old, was used. The percentage of male aggressors was significantly higher than that of the females (35.7% vs. 14.9%) and the percentage of victimization was higher for the women (25.1% vs.21.7%). Sexual aggression and sexual victimization was almost solely psychological in nature, that is, verbal coercion. As predicted by the dyadic model of physical aggression in dating relationships, sexual victimization was best predicted by sexual aggression of the individuals in this study both for males and females (AU)

Son muchos los estudios publicados que analizan las influencias diádicas en las relaciones de noviazgo en adolescentes y jóvenes adultos. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en aplicar el modelo diádico de la agresión física hacia las parejas a la agresión sexual contra las parejas. Se ha utilizado una muestra de 4.052 adolescentes y jóvenes adultos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 26 años. El porcentaje de hombres agresores es significativamente superior que el de mujeres (35.7% vs 14,9%), y el porcentaje de víctimas de agresión sexual fue superior para las mujeres (25,1% vs 21,7%). Los resultados muestran que tanto la agresión como la victimización sexual son fundamentalmente de naturaleza psicológica, como, por ejemplo, la utilización de tácticas coercitivas de naturaleza verbal. Tal como predice el modelo diádico de agresión física en las relaciones de noviazgo, la victimización sexual se predice en función de la agresión sexual de los individuos estudiados tanto en el caso de los hombres como en el de las mujeres (AU)

Prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults.

Dyadic influences among the diverse forms of aggression in dating relationships of adolescents and young adults have been reported in various studies. The goal of this research was to extend a dyadic model of physical aggression against partners to sexual aggression against partners. An urban sample of 4,052 adolescents and young adults of both genders, between 16 and 26 years old, was used. The percentage of male aggressors was significantly higher than that of the females (35.7% vs. 14.9%) and the percentage of victimization was higher for the women (25.1% vs.21.7%). Sexual aggression and sexual victimization was almost solely psychological in nature, that is, verbal coercion. As predicted by the dyadic model of physical aggression in dating relationships, sexual victimization was best predicted by sexual aggression of the individuals in this study both for males and females.

Validación de la versión modificada de la Conflicts Tactics Scale (M-CTS) en población juvenil española / Validation of the modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (M-CTS) in a Spanish population of youths. The modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (M-CTS)

La version modificada de la Conflicts Tactics Scale (M-CTS), realizada originalmente por Straus en 1979, es uno de los instrumentos más ampliamente utilizados para la detección de comportamientos violentos de carácter verbal y físico en las relaciones de noviazgo en jóvenes y adolescentes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento y validar su adecuación en población española. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 5.355 jóvenes españoles pertenecientes a la Comunidad de Madrid, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 26 años. A través de un Analisis Factorial Confirmatorio se identificaron cuatro factores consistentes con la teoría y las investigaciones previas: argumentación, agresión psicológica/verbal, agresión física leve y agresión física grave. Se concluye que la escala permite evaluar, con suficientes garantías psicométricas, la presencia de diferentes tipos de agresión en las relaciones de pareja en jóvenes y adolescentes

The modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (M-CTS), originally created by Straus in 1979, is one of the most extensively used instruments to detect violent verbal and physical behaviours in youths’ and adolescents’ dating relations. The aim of the present work was to analyze the psychometric properties of the instrument and to validate its adequacy in the Spanish population. The sample was made up of 5,355 Spanish youths from the Community of Madrid, ages between 16 and 26 years. By means of confirmatory factor analysis, four factors that were consistent with the theory and with previous research were identified: arguments, psychological/verbal aggression, slight physical aggression, and severe physical aggression. It is concluded that the scale assesses the presence of various types of aggression in youths’ and adolescents’ dating relationships with sufficient psychometric guarantees

[Validation of the modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (M-CTS) in a Spanish population of youths]. / Validación de la versión modificada de la Conflicts Tactics Scale(M-CTS) en población juvenil española.

The modified version of the Conflict Tactics Scale (M-CTS), originally created by Straus in 1979, is one of the most extensively used instruments to detect violent verbal and physical behaviours in youths' and adolescents' dating relations. The aim of the present work was to analyze the psychometric properties of the instrument and to validate its adequacy in the Spanish population. The sample was made up of 5,355 Spanish youths from the Community of Madrid, ages between 16 and 26 years. By means of confirmatory factor analysis, four factors that were consistent with the theory and with previous research were identified: arguments, psychological/verbal aggression, slight physical aggression, and severe physical aggression. It is concluded that the scale assesses the presence of various types of aggression in youths' and adolescents' dating relationships with sufficient psychometric guarantees.

Aggression in adolescent dating relationships: prevalence, justification, and health consequences.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of verbally and physically aggressive behaviors in dating relationships in a sample of Spanish adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional self-report data were obtained with The Modified Conflict Tactics Scale (MCTS) from a representative sample of 2416 adolescents and young adults of both genders, between ages of 16 and 20 years. RESULTS: The results showed that a significantly higher percentage of women engaged in verbal aggression (95.3% vs. 92.8%), whereas the males engaged in more severe physical aggression (4.6% vs. 2.0%) and produced worse consequences for their female partners' health (especially slight cuts/slight bruises, broken nose, black eye, broken bone and requiring medical treatment/hospitalization). Justification for aggression also revealed differential results. Whereas women said they attacked their partners while under the influence of emotional states of intense anger (22.4% vs. 13.9%), the males said they did so in response to aggression received (13.0% vs. 6.6%). The analysis of the group differences as a function of age showed that verbal aggression was very high and was not different across the age groups. In contrast, physical aggression decreased significantly across the age groups, but health consequences became more severe with age (e.g., broken nose, black eye, broken bone, went from 1% at 16 years to 4.5% at 20 years of age). CONCLUSIONS: These differential tendencies of aggression typology for men and women help clinicians to develop preventive interventions for every age, with the aim of diminishing their continuity in future relationships.

Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students.

The presence of violent behaviors of a psychological and physical nature in dating relations was analyzed in a sample of Spanish university students between 18 and 27 years of age. The results indicate a high prevalence of both kinds of aggression in interpersonal relationships, revealing important typology differences between the sexes. Violent psychological behaviors (characterized by the presence of verbal aggression and coercive and jealous behaviors) and physical aggression were significantly higher in women, though the consequences of physical aggression were worse for the women's health. The implications of the results and their possible relation with more severe violent acts in more stable, emotional relationships are discussed.

Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students / Agresión física y psicológica en las relaciones de noviazgo en universitarios españoles

The presence of violent behaviors of a psychological and physical nature in dating relations was analyzed in a sample of Spanish university students between 18 and 27 years of age. The results indicate a high prevalence of both kinds of aggression in interpersonal relationships, revealing important typology differences between the sexes. Violent psychological behaviors (characterized by the presence of verbal aggression and coercive and jealous behaviors) and physical aggression were significantly higher in women, though the consequences of physical aggression were worse for the womens health. The implications of the results and their possible relation with more severe violent acts in more stable, emotional relationships are discussed

En el presente trabajo se analiza la presencia de comportamientos violentos de carácter psicológico y físico en las relaciones de noviazgo en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios españoles con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 27 años. Los resultados indican la alta prevalencia de ambos tipos de agresión en las relaciones interpersonales, encontrando diferencias importantes en cuanto a su tipología entre sexos. Así, la violencia de carácter psicológico (analizadas por la presencia de agresiones verbales y comportamientos coercitivos y celosos) y la agresión física resultaron ser significativamente superiores en el caso de las mujeres, aunque las consecuencias para la salud derivadas de la misma son más negativas para ellas. Se comentan, asimismo, las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos y su posible relación con actos de violencia más graves en posteriores relaciones emocionales más estables