Risk assessment and real-world outcomes in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: insights from a UK pulmonary hypertension referral service.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of risk assessment to predict healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU), costs, treatments, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and survival in patients diagnosed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Pulmonary hypertension referral centre in the UK. PARTICIPANTS: Adults diagnosed with CTEPH between 1 January 2012 and 30 June 2019 were included. Cohorts were retrospectively defined for operated patients (received pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA)) and not operated; further subgroups were defined based on risk score (low, intermediate or high risk for 1-year mortality) at diagnosis. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, treatment patterns, HRQoL, HCRU, costs and survival outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: Overall, 683 patients were analysed (268 (39%) operated; 415 (61%) not operated). Most patients in the operated and not-operated cohorts were intermediate risk (63%; 53%) or high risk (23%; 31%) at diagnosis. Intermediate-risk and high-risk patients had higher HCRU and costs than low-risk patients. Outpatient and accident and emergency visits were lower postdiagnosis for both cohorts and all risk groups versus prediagnosis. HRQoL scores noticeably improved in the operated cohort post-PEA, and less so in the not-operated cohort at 6-18 months postdiagnosis. Survival at 5 years was 83% (operated) and 49% (not operated) and was lower for intermediate-risk and high-risk patients compared with low-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study support that risk assessment at diagnosis is prognostic for mortality in patients with CTEPH. Low-risk patients have better survival and HRQoL and lower HCRU and costs compared with intermediate-risk and high-risk patients.

Real-World Management of Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights from EXPOSURE.

INTRODUCTION: Further insights into real-world management and outcomes of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are needed. This interim analysis of the ongoing, multicentre, prospective EXPOSURE (EUPAS19085) observational study describes characteristics, treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with PAH initiating a new PAH-specific therapy in Europe/Canada. METHODS AND RESULTS: All analyses were descriptive. In total, 1944 patients with follow-up information were included; the majority were female, with World Health Organization functional class II/III symptoms and with idiopathic PAH or connective tissue disease-associated PAH. Most incident patients (N = 1100; diagnosed for ≤ 6 months) initiated treatment as monotherapy (48%) or double therapy (43%). Of those initiating monotherapy, 38% (199/530) escalated to double therapy (median [Q1, Q3] time to escalation 3.4 [1.9, 6.6] months), and of those initiating double therapy, 17% (78/457) escalated to triple therapy (median [Q1, Q3] time to escalation 7.0 [3.4, 12.7] months) during the observation period (median [Q1, Q3]: 17.0 [7.5, 29.9] months). The majority of the 834 prevalent patients (diagnosed > 6 months) entered the study on initiation of combination therapy and most did not change treatment regimen during the observation period (median [Q1, Q3]: 19.6 [10.2, 32.2] months). One-year survival was 88% for incident patients and 90% for prevalent patients. CONCLUSIONS: Results from EXPOSURE suggest a shift towards combination therapy and the alignment of real-world treatment patterns with current guideline recommendations. While survival estimates are encouraging, the extent of monotherapy use at treatment initiation and follow-up highlight an opportunity for further improvements through optimisation of treatment strategies in line with current guidelines. A graphical abstract is also available with this article. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: EUPAS19085.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease. Clinical guidelines recommend that most patients start treatment with a combination of different PAH medications. While there is no cure for PAH, these medications help to control symptoms and slow disease worsening. To understand treatments currently used in clinical practice, we analysed data from EXPOSURE (EUPAS19085), an ongoing study collecting information from patients starting a new PAH medication in Europe and Canada. Most patients in the study were female, with World Health Organization functional class II/III symptoms, and idiopathic (unknown cause) PAH or PAH associated with connective tissue disorders. Among 1100 patients who were 'recently diagnosed' (diagnosed with PAH in the past 6 months), 88% were alive after 1 year. We found that 48% started treatment with one PAH medication, and 38% of those patients had a second medication prescribed within a median period of 3 months. Among the 457 'recently diagnosed' patients treated with two PAH medications when they entered the study, 17% had a third medication prescribed within a median period of 7 months. Among 834 patients with 'established PAH' (diagnosed more than 6 months ago), 90% were alive after 1 year. Most entered the study when they started a third medication and did not have further changes in treatment. Our findings show that patients with PAH are often treated with one medication in clinical practice as well as a combination of medications. While survival rates are encouraging, the extent to which one PAH medication is used suggests there is room for treatment improvement.

Healthcare resource utilization and quality of life in patients with sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension.

A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted to generate real-world evidence in adult patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) at a referral center in England between 2012 and 2019. Data from the referral center electronic medical record database were linked to the National Health Service Hospital Episode Statistics database to collect and analyze patient demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, treatment patterns, health-related quality of life (HRQoL; assessed using the EmPHasis-10 questionnaire), healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), costs, and survival. Sixty-two patients with SAPH were identified. At diagnosis, 84% were in WHO functional class III and presented with significant pulmonary hemodynamic impairment. Cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities were commonly reported prediagnosis. Median EmPHasis-10 score at diagnosis was 34, indicative of poor HRQoL. In the 1st year after diagnosis, median (Q1, Q3) per-patient HCRU was 1 (0, 2) all-cause inpatient hospitalizations; 3 (2, 4) same-day hospitalizations; and 9 (6, 11) outpatient consultations. In 24 patients who were hospitalized longer than 1 day in the 1st year after diagnosis, the median duration of hospitalization was 4 days. With a median follow-up of 1.8 years, the median overall survival was 2.9 years. In this cohort of patients with SAPH, poor HRQoL and high HCRU were observed following diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on HRQoL and HCRU in patients with SAPH. More research is needed on treatment options for this population with high unmet needs.

Epidemiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the Czech Republic.

This study investigated the epidemiology and survival outcomes of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the Czech Republic, wherein pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgery was the only targeted treatment option until 2015. This study included all consecutive adults newly diagnosed with CTEPH in the Czech Republic between 2003 and 2016. Incidence/prevalence rates were calculated using general population data extracted from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival from diagnosis until 2018 were calculated. Of a total of 453 patients observed, 236 (52.1%) underwent PEA (median time from diagnosis to PEA: 2.9 months) and 71 (34.1%) had residual pulmonary hypertension (PH) post-PEA. CTEPH incidence rate (95% confidence interval [CI]) between 2006 and 2016 was 4.47 (4.05; 4.91) patients per million (ppm) per year, and the prevalence (95% CI) was 37.43 (33.46; 41.73) ppm in 2016. The rate of CTEPH-related hospitalizations (95% CI) per 100 person-years was 24.4 (22.1; 26.9) for operated patients and 34.2 (30.9; 37.7) for not-operated patients. Median overall survival (95% CI) for all patients from CTEPH diagnosis was 11.2 (9.4; not reached) years. Five-year survival probability (95% CI) was 95.3% (89.9; 97.9) for operated patients without residual PH, 86.3% (75.3; 92.7) for operated patients with residual PH and 61.2% (54.0; 67.6) for not-operated patients. This study reported epidemiological estimates of CTEPH in the Czech Republic consistent with estimates from other national systematic registries; and indicates an unmet medical need in not-operated patients and operated patients with residual PH.

Epidemiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: identification of the most accurate estimates from a systematic literature review.

This systematic review of literature and online reports critically appraised incidence and prevalence estimates of pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension to identify the most accurate estimates. Medline® and Embase® databases were searched for articles published between 1 January 2003 and 31 August 2020. Studies were grouped according to whether they were registries (population-based estimates), clinical databases (hospital-based estimates) or claims/administrative databases. Registries were classified into systematic and non-systematic registries, according to whether every national centre participated. Of 7309 publications identified, 5414 were screened after removal of duplicates and 33 were included. Inclusion was based on study type, availability of a clear numerator (diagnosed population) and a population- or hospital-based denominator, or all primary data required to calculate estimates. Only the most recent publication from a database was included. Most studies were based on European data and very few included children. In adults, the range of estimates per million was approximately 20-fold for pulmonary arterial hypertension incidence (1.5-32) and prevalence (12.4-268) and of similar magnitude for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension incidence (0.9-39) and prevalence (14.5-144). Recent (≤5 years) national systematic registry data from centralised healthcare systems provided the following ranges in adult estimates per million: approximately 5.8 for pulmonary arterial hypertension incidence, 47.6-54.7 for pulmonary arterial hypertension prevalence, 3.1-6.0 for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension incidence and 25.8-38.4 for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension prevalence. These estimates were considered the most reliable and consistent for the scientific community to plan for resource allocation and improve detection rates.

Evaluation of code-based algorithms to identify pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients in large administrative databases.

Large administrative healthcare (including insurance claims) databases are used for various retrospective real-world evidence studies. However, in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, identifying patients retrospectively based on administrative codes remains challenging, as it relies on code combinations (algorithms) and the accuracy for patient identification of most of them is unknown. This study aimed to assess the performance of various algorithms in correctly identifying patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in administrative databases. A systematic literature review was performed to find publications detailing code-based algorithms used to identify pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients. PheValuator, a diagnostic predictive modelling tool, was applied to three US claims databases, yielding models that estimated the probability of a patient having the disease. These models were used to evaluate the performance characteristics of selected pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension algorithms. With increasing algorithm complexity, average positive predictive value increased (pulmonary arterial hypertension: 13.4-66.0%; chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: 10.3-75.1%) and average sensitivity decreased (pulmonary arterial hypertension: 61.5-2.7%; chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: 20.7-0.2%). Specificities and negative predictive values were high (≥97.5%) for all algorithms. Several of the algorithms performed well overall when considering all of these four performance parameters, and all algorithms performed with similar accuracy across the three claims databases studied, even though most were designed for patient identification in a specific database. Therefore, it is the objective of a study that will determine which algorithm may be most suitable; one- or two-component algorithms are most inclusive and three- or four-component algorithms identify most precise pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension populations, respectively.

Stable or improved neurological manifestations during miglustat therapy in patients from the international disease registry for Niemann-Pick disease type C: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare neurovisceral disease characterised by progressive neurological degeneration, where the rate of neurological disease progression varies depending on age at neurological onset. We report longitudinal data on functional disease progression and safety observations in patients in the international NPC Registry who received continuous treatment with miglustat. METHODS: The NPC Registry is a prospective observational cohort of NP-C patients. Enrolled patients who received ≥1 year of continuous miglustat therapy (for ≥90 % of the observation period, with no single treatment interruption >28 days) were included in this analysis. Disability was measured using a scale rating the four domains, ambulation, manipulation, language and swallowing from 0 (normal) to 1 (worst). Neurological disease progression was analysed in all patients based on: 1) annual progression rates between enrolment and last follow up, and; 2) categorical analysis with patients categorised as 'improved/stable' if ≥3/4 domain scores were lower/unchanged, and as 'progressed' if <3 scores were lower/unchanged between enrolment and last follow-up visit. RESULTS: In total, 283 patients were enrolled from 28 centers in 13 European countries, Canada and Australia between September 2009 and October 2013; 92 patients received continuous miglustat therapy. The mean (SD) miglustat exposure during the observation period (enrolment to last follow-up) was 2.0 (0.7) years. Among 84 evaluable patients, 9 (11 %) had early-infantile (<2 years), 27 (32 %) had late-infantile (2 to <6 years), 30 (36 %) had juvenile (6 to <15 years) and 18 (21 %) had adolescent/adult (≥15 years) onset of neurological manifestations. The mean (95%CI) composite disability score among all patients was 0.37 (0.32,0.42) at enrolment and 0.44 (0.38,0.50) at last follow-up visit, and the mean annual progression rate was 0.038 (0.018,0.059). Progression of composite disability scores appeared highest among patients with neurological onset during infancy or childhood and lowest in those with adolescent/adult-onset. Overall, 59/86 evaluable patients (69 %) were categorized as improved/stable and the proportion of improved/stable patients increased with age at neurological onset. Safety findings were consistent with previous data. CONCLUSIONS: Disability status was improved/stable in the majority of patients who received continuous miglustat therapy for an average period of 2 years.

Results from a 9-year Intensive Safety Surveillance Scheme (IS(3) ) in miglustat (Zavesca(®) )-treated patients.

BACKGROUND: Following approval in the EU in 2002 and the USA in 2003, an Intensive Safety Surveillance Scheme (IS(3) ) was initiated to educate prescribers on the appropriate use of miglustat for the treatment of type I Gaucher disease (GD1), and to actively solicit safety-relevant information. This report summarises data from all patients enrolled in IS(3) between its initiation in 2003 and its closure in October 2012. METHODS: The IS(3) was a prospective observational drug registry with a secure internet-based data capture system. All patients receiving miglustat at participating sites received standard medical care according to routine medical practice. Data on patient and disease characteristics were collected at patient enrolment, subsequent follow-up visits and treatment discontinuation (if applicable). Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: During the 9 years of IS(3) , 407 patients were enrolled at 111 sites across 15 European countries. Approximately half (n = 202) had GD1, and half had other diseases (mainly Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C), for which miglustat was approved in Europe in 2009). In total, 368 patients had data from at least one follow-up visit, 192 of whom had GD1. IS(3) provided data from 798 patient-years exposure to miglustat. Safety-relevant data were consistent with earlier published 5-year findings from IS(3) , the safety profile reported for miglustat in GD1 clinical trials and other published information on GD1 manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this long-term safety surveillance programme were in line with the well-known, documented safety profile of miglustat.

A cohort study of interstitial lung diseases in central Denmark.

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) form a heterogeneous group of diseases with varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Epidemiological data based on the current diagnostic criteria are sparse. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the incidence rate of ILDs and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in Danish patients diagnosed at a referral hospital, to evaluate disease severity and survival in these ILD patients and to compare the use of the 2001 and 2011 guidelines to diagnosis of IPF. METHODS: Single-centre, retrospective, observational cohort study including incident patients diagnosed with ILD at Aarhus University Hospital between 2003 and 2009. All diagnoses were re-evaluated according to current diagnostic criteria. Disease severity in IPF was assessed using the GAP index. RESULTS: The ILD incidence was 4.1 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. IPF was the most common diagnosis (28%) followed by connective tissue disease-related ILD (14%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (7%) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (7%). The GAP index was a strong predictor of survival in IPF. Twenty-three patients who had IPF based on the 2001 criteria had a "possible UIP" HRCT pattern but no lung biopsy, and IPF could therefore not be diagnosed based on the 2011 criteria. CONCLUSION: ILD and IPF incidence was 4.1 and 1.3 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. The diagnostic re-evaluation raised the number of IPF diagnoses, but a diagnostic "grey zone" was still evident in patients with UIP features not qualifying the patients to be diagnosed with IPF. The GAP index was valuable as a measure of IPF severity in this cohort.

Genetic screening for Niemann-Pick disease type C in adults with neurological and psychiatric symptoms: findings from the ZOOM study.

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare, autosomal-recessive, progressive neurological disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 gene (in 95% of cases) or the NPC2 gene. This observational, multicentre genetic screening study evaluated the frequency and phenotypes of NP-C in consecutive adult patients with neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Diagnostic testing for NP-C involved NPC1 and NPC2 exonic gene sequencing and gene dosage analysis. When available, results of filipin staining, plasma cholestane-3ß,5α,6ß-triol assays and measurements of relevant sphingolipids were also collected. NPC1 and NPC2 gene sequencing was completed in 250/256 patients from 30 psychiatric and neurological reference centres across the EU and USA [median (range) age 38 (18-90) years]. Three patients had a confirmed diagnosis of NP-C; two based on gene sequencing alone (two known causal disease alleles) and one based on gene sequencing and positive filipin staining. A further 12 patients displayed either single mutant NP-C alleles (8 with NPC1 mutations and 3 with NPC2 mutations) or a known causal disease mutation and an unclassified NPC1 allele variant (1 patient). Notably, high plasma cholestane-3ß,5α,6ß-triol levels were observed for all NP-C cases (n = 3). Overall, the frequency of NP-C patients in this study [1.2% (95% CI; 0.3%, 3.5%)] suggests that there may be an underdiagnosed pool of NP-C patients among adults who share common neurological and psychiatric symptoms.

Miglustat therapy in type 1 Gaucher disease: clinical and safety outcomes in a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

We evaluated clinical and safety outcomes in adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease receiving miglustat in clinical practice settings. An observational, retrospective cohort study was conducted in centers across the EU and the USA. Medical chart data were collected from consecutive patients between the 20th November 2002 and 31st December 2008. A total of 115 patients were included; 34 (30%) were enzyme replacement therapy-naïve ('naïve') and 81 (70%) were enzyme pretreated ('pretreated'). Median (range) miglustat exposures in these groups were 15.1 (0.6-52.9)months and 15.2 (0.3-62.1)months, respectively. Low numbers of patients were anemic (10/101) or thrombocytopenic (21/101) at initiation of miglustat therapy. The median (range) hemoglobin concentration at miglustat initiation was 12.8 (10.2-16.4)g/dl in naïve patients and 13.6 (7.3-17.4)g/dl in pretreated patients; median (range) changes in hemoglobin were 0.3 (-2.5-3.6) and -0.3 (-4-4.6)g/dl, respectively. The median (range) platelet counts at miglustat initiation were 101 (37-730)×10(9)/l in naïve patients and 173 (43-382)×10(9)/l in pretreated patients; median (range) changes in platelet count were 8 (-77-145)×10(9)/l and -10 (-144-434)×10(9)/l, respectively. Plasma chitotriosidase was substantially reduced in naïve but not in pretreated patients. Organ volumes were not routinely monitored. Forty-nine (43%) patients discontinued miglustat; most due to gastrointestinal manifestations and some due to tremor. Overall, hemoglobin and platelet counts tended to increase in naïve patients treated with miglustat, and to remain stable or decrease slightly in pretreated patients. The profile of safety and tolerability observed with miglustat in the current study is similar to previous studies.

Disease and patient characteristics in NP-C patients: findings from an international disease registry.

BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare neurovisceral disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and premature death. We report data recorded at enrolment in an ongoing international NP-C registry initiated in September 2009 to describe disease natural history, clinical course and treatment experience of NP-C patients in clinical practice settings. METHODS: The NPC Registry is a prospective observational cohort study. Participating sites are encouraged to evaluate all consecutive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of NP-C, regardless of their treatment status. All patients undergo clinical assessments and medical care as determined by their physicians. Data are collected through a secure internet-based data collection system. RESULTS: As of 19th March, 2012, 163 patients have been enrolled in centres across 14 European countries, Australia, Brazil and Canada. The mean (SD) age at enrolment was 19.6 (13.0) years. In general there was a long lag time between the mean (SD) age at neurological onset (10.9 (9.8) years) and age at diagnosis (15.0 (12.2) years). Among all enrolled patients, 107 were diagnosed based on combined genetic testing and filipin staining. Sixteen (11%) out of 145 patients with available age-at-neurological-onset data had early-infantile neurological onset, 45 (31%) had late-infantile onset; 45 (31%) had juvenile onset and 39 (27%) had adolescent/adult onset. The frequencies of neonatal jaundice, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly during infancy were greatest among early-infantile patients, and decreased with increasing age at neurological onset. The most frequent neurological manifestations were: ataxia (70%), vertical supranuclear gaze palsy (VSGP; 70%), dysarthria (66%), cognitive impairment (62%), dysphagia (52%). There were no notable differences in composite NP-C disability scores between age-at-neurological-onset groups. Miglustat therapy at enrolment was recorded in 117/163 (72%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately two-thirds of this NP-C cohort had infantile or juvenile onset of neurological manifestations, while the remaining third presented in adolescence or adulthood. While systemic symptoms were most common among patients with early-childhood onset disease, they were also common among patients with adolescent/adult onset. The profiles of neurological manifestations in this Registry were in line with previous publications.

Doubling of testicular cancer incidence rate over the last 20 years in southern France.

In recent decades, testicular cancer incidence has considerably increased in a majority of industrialized countries. In France, short reports suggested that the testicular cancer incidence rate has also risen, especially in north-eastern regions. In Europe, geographical variation of incidence rates has been observed in Baltic countries and a clear birth cohort effect has been revealed. This study aimed to assess temporal trends in testicular cancer incidence in southern France. We examined incidence rates over a 20-year time period in a series of 506 consecutive cases of testicular cancer recorded from 1980 to 1999 in the Midi-Pyrenees region of France. Age, calendar period, and birth cohort effects were examined simultaneously using Poisson regression models. Our analysis found a significant rise in the overall incidence rate of testicular germ cell tumors from 1.27 to 3.04 per 100,000 between 1980-1984 and 1995-1999, an annual increase of 5.70%. These results, the first obtained in a large series in southern Europe, show a twofold increase in incidence rate of testicular cancer in the Midi-Pyrenees region, which is very similar to that observed in all European countries, more or less doubling in the last 20 years. Interestingly, this major jump and the apparent testicular cancer gradient between northern and southern Europe suggest considerable geographical heterogeneity in incidence, but low geographical variation in temporal trends.

Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as assessed by the sperm chromatin dispersion test in assisted reproductive technology programs: results of a large prospective multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of sperm DNA fragmentation, measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test, in predicting fertilization rate, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Four French infertility centers, from January to August 2005. PATIENT(S): Six hundred twenty-two couples participating in their first IVF or ICSI program. INTERVENTION(S): Analysis of DNA fragmentation by the sperm chromatin dispersion test in sperm samples used for IVF or ICSI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Correlations and associations between sperm parameters, sperm DNA integrity, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULT(S): A statistically significant correlation was observed between sperm DNA fragmentation rate and the following sperm characteristics: sperm motility, morphology, and concentration. We found a statistically significant relationship between sperm DNA fragmentation rate and fertilization rate, and we were able to suggest a threshold sperm DNA fragmentation rate of 18%, above which fragmentation rate was predictive of fertilization rate. Regarding embryo quality, we observed a relationship between sperm DNA fragmentation and embryo quality. No significant relationship was found between sperm DNA fragmentation rate and clinical pregnancies or births. CONCLUSION(S): The results of this study confirm the utility of the sperm chromatin dispersion test for assessment of DNA fragmentation.

Environmental, occupational and familial risks for testicular cancer: a hospital-based case-control study.

Testicular cancer (TC) risk factors remain largely unknown, except for personal history of cryptorchidism and familial history of TC. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study on familial, environmental and occupational conditions in which we compared 229 cases and 800 controls. TC was correlated with cryptorchidism (OR = 3.02; CI: 1.90-4.79), a history of cryptorchidism in relatives (OR = 2.85; CI: 1.70-4.79), and TC (OR = 9.58; CI: 4.01-22.88], prostate cancer (OR = 1.80; CI: 1.08-3.02) and breast cancer (OR = 1.77; CI: 1.20-2.60) in relatives. Living in a rural area or having regular gardening activity (growing fruit or vegetables) was associated with an increased risk of TC (OR = 1.63; CI: 1.16-2.29; OR = 1.84; CI: 1.23-2.75). Regarding occupation, we found a relationship with employment in metal trimming (OR = 1.96; CI: 1.00-3.86), chemical manufacture (OR = 1.88; CI: 1.14-3.10), industrial production of glue (OR = 2.21; CI: 1.15-4.25), and welding (OR = 2.84; CI: 1.51-5.35). In a multivariate model, only a history of cryptorchidism in the men, cryptorchidism in relatives, TC, and breast cancer remained significant. Our findings contribute further evidence to a pattern of TC risk factors, which include the significant weight of personal reproductive history and also of testicular and breast cancer in relatives. By including in a multivariate model variables linked to environmental and occupational exposure and related to familial cancer history, neither living in a rural area nor any occupational exposure appeared to be a potential environmental TC risk factor.

Impact of diagnostic delay in testis cancer: results of a large population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Testis cancer is the most common cancer in young men, and its incidence continues to rise. Even if prognosis is considered as good, a group with bad prognosis still remains. Diagnostic delay (DD), defined as the time elapsing from the onset of tumour symptoms to the day of diagnosis, is a way to evaluate the rapidity of diagnosis. We assessed the relationship between DD, disease stage, and survival rate. METHODS: A series of 542 patients diagnosed with a germ cell tumour between 1983 and 2002 at health facilities in the Midi-Pyrenees region, southwest France, were asked about DD. We analysed DD together with data regarding the disease (histologic type, stage), its treatments, and prognosis (impact on survival). RESULTS: Mean DD was longer in seminoma (4.9+/-6.1 mo) than in non-seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT; 2.8+/-4.0 mo). DD was correlated with disease stage for the whole population (p=0.014) and for NSGCT (p=0.0009), but not for seminoma. DD had a significant impact on the 5-yr survival rate in the overall population (p=0.001) and in the NSGCT group (p=0.001), but not in the seminoma group. Global trends in mean DD did not change over the 20-yr study period, but we observed a slight decrease during the last decade. CONCLUSIONS: DD is highly correlated with stage and survival in NSGCT. Urologists should promote programmes to enhance awareness and knowledge of testis cancer, so the diagnosis can be made more rapidly.

The 2-aminoglucosamide motif improves cellular uptake and photodynamic activity of tetraphenylporphyrin.

Several strategies have been proposed to improve the efficiency of photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this context, the synthesis of mono- (1) and di-glucosylated (2) porphyrins, and mono-glucosylated chlorin (3) was performed. HT29 human adenocarcinoma cells were significantly more sensitive to asymmetric and less hydrophobic glucosylated photosensitizers-mediated PDT (1, 3), compared to tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP). The lowest photosensitivity observed for TPP was consistent with the lowest uptake. Moreover, the most pronounced photodynamic activity measured for 3 was in relation with the improvement of cellular uptake, the singlet oxygen quantum yield and the high extinction coefficient value at 650 nm compared to porphyrins. Cellular localization analysis showed that 1 and 3 accumulated mainly inside the endoplasmic reticulum.

Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluid composition on peritoneal area available for exchange in children.

BACKGROUND: Although conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs), such as Dianeal, are non-physiological in composition, new PDFs including Physioneal have a more neutral pH, are at least partially buffered with bicarbonate and, most importantly, contain low concentrations of glucose degradation products (GDPs). METHODS: To evaluate the impact of new PDFs in childcare, we performed a comparative crossover study with Dianeal and Physioneal. We examined both intraperitoneal pressure (IPP), which partly reflects pain induction, and the total pore area available for exchange, which indicates the number of capillaries perfused in the peritoneal membrane at any given moment and therefore partly reflects peritoneal dialysis capacity. The IPP was determined after inflow of 1000 ml/m(2) body surface area (BSA) of dialysate (intraperitoneal volume; IPV). The steady-state unrestricted area over diffusion distance (A(0)/ triangle up x, in cm(2)/cm per 1.73 m(2) BSA) was calculated from the three-pore theory. Six children were enrolled in the study. On the first day, two consecutive peritoneal equilibration tests of 90 min each were performed using first Dianeal and then Physioneal. On the second study day, the procedure was repeated with the fluids given in the opposite order. RESULTS: The mean IPP normalized to IPV (ml/m(2)) was significantly higher for Dianeal (9.5 +/- 0.9 cm/1000 ml/m(2)) than for Physioneal (7.9 +/- 1.2 cm/1000 ml/m(2), P < 0.01). The mean A(0)/ triangle up x was 17 +/- 4% larger with Dianeal (36 095 +/- 2009 cm(2)/cm per 1.73 m(2)) than with Physioneal (31 780 +/- 2185 cm(2)/cm per 1.73 m(2), P < 0.001; based on 24 data pairs). CONCLUSIONS: These pilot study results suggest a higher biocompatibility for Physioneal than for Dianeal. Less inflow pain associated with Physioneal induced a lower IPP reflecting enhanced fill volume tolerance, and the lower A(0)/ triangle up x reflected less capillary recruitment. Taken together, these results suggest that the new more biocompatible PDFs will improve peritoneal dialysis therapy, although this conclusion will require verification in extended clinical trials.