Measuring Coverage of Essential Maternal Postnatal Care Services in the Squatter Settlements of Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan.

This study aimed to assess the coverage of essential postnatal maternal care services among women residing in the slums of Islamabad. A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the coverage of essential postnatal care (PNC) services. Using random sampling, 416 women living in the squatter settlements of Islamabad Capital Territory were selected as study participants. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were employed to display frequencies for categorical variables, whereas mean, median, and standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables. The analysis of data showed that 93.5 percent of the women utilized postnatal services at least once after delivery. Approximately 9 percent and 4 percent of women received all eight recommended services within 24 h of birth and beyond 24 h of birth, respectively. Effective PNC services were received by only 1 percent of the women. The study revealed that the utilization of effective PNC was very low. The majority of the women delivered in health institutions and received their first PNC checkups, but follow-up for the recommended checkups was very low. These results can help health professionals and policymakers in designing programs and developing efficient strategies that would improve PNC service utilization in Pakistan.

Dental caries and Oral hygiene status among primary school children in Quetta, Pakistan: A quantitative approach.

This study was conducted to ascertain the extent of dental caries among primary school children in Quetta. A total of 362 children were examined for their dental and oral hygiene status. WHO recommended indexes, including Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT), were used for dental examinations. The study results reveal a high prevalence of dental caries (74%), and the mean "DMFT" score was 1.07±1.63, and "deft" score 2.29± 2.31. There were no significant differences among mean deft, gender, and type of school (P=.27 and .07) in deciduous dentition. Public school children were approximately two times more likely to have dental caries (OR 1.92; P=.021). Dental caries were significantly higher among children with poor oral hygiene (OR 2.40; P=.005). Overall, the treatment needs of the children were noted to be over 90%.

Postnatal women's perception on person-centered maternity care in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Person-Centered Maternity Care (PCMC) is known as one of the most important components of maternal care. Every woman has the ultimate right of respectful health care. Previous research documents that lack of supportive care and respectful behavior experienced by pregnant women can act as a barrier to the utilization of health care services. Few studies have used PCMC tool to document this phenomenon. The objective of this descriptive study was to assess the women's perception of PCMC in Pakistan. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-seven (377) postnatal women of ages 18-49 years participated in the research. The study sites were secondary and tertiary care hospitals located in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The PCMC tool used in this study is a validated scale with three sub-domains of i) communication and autonomy, ii) supportive care, and iii) dignity and respect. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16, and descriptive and bivariate analysis was undertaken. RESULTS: The PCMC mean score was 54 ± [10.7] out of 90. About half (55%) of women had good perception of PCMC. Sub-domain of supportive care scored the lowest as compared to the other two domains. Overall, 36% women reported physical abuse while 22% reported verbal abuse at the hands of the healthcare providers. Most of the women (88%) said that health providers did not introduce themselves. About 30% women claimed that health care providers never asked for permission before doing any medical procedures and 20% of women claimed that doctors did not describe the purpose of examination while 178 (47%) of women said that health provider explained the purpose of medications all the time, additionally, about 14% were never given the choice to ask questions. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the majority of postnatal women perceived that they were not getting optimum Person-Centered Maternity Care. Some core aspects in supportive care domain were missing. In order to improve the quality of hospital-based childbirths, efforts are needed to improve the quality of care.

Learning Active Implementation Frameworks: the role of implementation teams in a case study from Pakistan.

In Pakistan, although coverage of Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (MNCH) services has increased, the attributable disease burden remains high, indicating quality of these services remains suboptimal. To address this quality gap, challenges associated with the implementation of MNCH services will need to be addressed and effective use of the various MNCH guidelines will need to be supported, evaluated, and continuously improved. Even though the application of the field of implementation science and practice in the low- and middle-income settings has been limited, it is our belief, based on the experience described in this article that these competencies could enhance health professionals' ability to, not only successfully integrate MNCH guidelines into health systems, but to also support their effective and sustainable use. To address this capacity gap in Pakistan, the Health Services Academy, as a member of the World Health Organization's Human Reproduction Program (HRP) Alliance for Research Capacity Strengthening (RCS), has engaged, over the course of 16 months, in the 'Implementation for the Professional Learner Program' in 2019. This innovative implementation science and practice capacity-building program is developed and conducted by The World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Research Evidence for Sexual and Reproductive Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). The initial cohort of this Program also included Palestine's West Bank, and Egypt. The objectives of this Program were to cultivate implementation science and practice competencies, and to support the development of national, community-based or institution-based implementation teams. The expected outcomes of this program included, further enhancement of the capacity of local health professionals in implementation science, systemic change and the effective use of innovations in practice at sub-national/regional levels.

ENHANCED IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE THROUGH INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILDHOOD CLUSTER DISEASES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

BACKGROUND: Globally immunisation has to be considered as a most effective and efficient public health intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality among children. Most of the children from developing countries are still not fully immunized due to multiple factors including lack of interventions, awareness, and financial constraints and due to limited resource. Conversely, this review has identified the effectiveness of interventions to increase the immunisation coverage among children of developing countries. METHODS: Systematic review by using PRISMA statement ("preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses") has been conducted in English. published articles on Pub Med, Scopus, Cochrane, Medline and ISI by searching keywords like immunizations, childhood vaccination and developing countries has been accessed. Only randomised controlled trial and quasi-experimental studies designs were included in the final analysis based on quality assessment by adopting the Down and Black checklist and finally pooled analysis was done by random effect model. This systematic review has been approved and registered by University of York. RESULTS: A total of 16,570 published articles were accessed and finally 10 fulfilled our criteria that were analysed and interpreted. It demonstrated that the interventions has shown significantly increase vaccine coverage for childhood cluster diseases (OR 2.136 and p <0.05).Furthermore, it has been proved that an effect was more prominent for DTP (OR 2.397 and p<0.05) and measles (OR 2.628 and p<0.05), not as much for polio (OR 2.284 and p>0.05) and full vaccination schedule (OR 1.342 and p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review has concluded that the professional interventions are an effective while in improving the child immunisation coverage for cluster diseases in developing countries, major effect on DTP an.d measles.

Expediting support for the pregnant mothers to obtain antenatal care at public health facilities in rural areas of Balochistan province, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: To identify, and compare relative importance of, factors associated with antenatal care (ANC) utilization in rural Balochistan, toward framing a policy to increase such utilization. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted among 513 pregnant women in Jhal Magsi District, Balochistan, in 2011. A standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors were evaluated with generalized linear models (Poisson distribution and log link). RESULTS: Prevalence of any ANC was only 14.4%. Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors were all important determinants of ANC utilization. Reinforcing factors were clearly most important, husband's support for ANC was more important than support from other community members. Among predisposing factors, higher income, education, occupation, and better knowledge regarding benefits of ANC were positively and statistically significantly associated with ANC However increased number of children showed negative association. Complications free pregnancy showed positive significant association with ANC at public health facility among enabling factors. CONCLUSION: It is very important to increase antenatal care utilization in the study area and similar areas. Policy to achieve this should focus on enhancing support from the husband.