Antibacterial ability of different activated irrigation after root canal preparation: intratubular analyses.

This study assessed the intratubular antibacterial ability of different activated irrigations after chemical mechanical preparation. Seventy-two palatal root canals of upper molars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks, and then initial bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed. The root canals were prepared by using a WaveOne Gold large (45/.05) and distributed into 6 groups according to the activation of the final irrigation: ultrasonic activation (UA), XP-Endo Finisher (25/.00), XP Clean (25/.02), EasyClean (25/.04) in reciprocating motion and continuous rotary motion (ECRot), and conventional irrigation. After final irrigation, another bacterial collection from the main root canal was performed, and the root was sectioned transversely in three-thirds and stained for analysis by confocal laser microscopy. Intratubular bacteria were collected through dentin powder and plated for bacterial viability analysis. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed by using analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis of variance, respectively, both at 5% significance. ECRot had higher antibacterial ability than UA (p<0.05), and both were superior to the other groups (p<0.05) in both methodologies. It can be concluded that activation of final irrigation enhances the disinfection of the root canal system, and activators have different efficacies.

Optimization of automated preparation of long oval-shaped root canals using supplementary instrumentation.

This study compared the preparation of long oval-shaped root canals using WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems, both supplemented or not with manual instrumentation. Twenty-four long oval-shaped canals of mandibular incisors were distributed into two groups according to the instrumentation: WaveOne Gold Primary or XP-endo Shaper systems. All root canals were manually instrumented with a size 25 K-file after automated preparation. The specimens were scanned by using a micro-CT device (17.42 µm) before and after automated preparation and manual instrumentation. The increased surface of the root canal and the percentage of untouched areas were assessed. Both WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems increased the root canal surface and had similar untouched areas (p>0.05). Supplementary instrumentation increased the surface of the root canal and decreased the untouched walls (p<0.05). WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems provided a similar preparation of long oval-shaped canals and manual instrumentation improved their preparation.

Optimization of automated preparation of long oval-shaped root canals using supplementary instrumentation

Abstract This study compared the preparation of long oval-shaped root canals using WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems, both supplemented or not with manual instrumentation. Twenty-four long oval-shaped canals of mandibular incisors were distributed into two groups according to the instrumentation: WaveOne Gold Primary or XP-endo Shaper systems. All root canals were manually instrumented with a size 25 K-file after automated preparation. The specimens were scanned by using a micro-CT device (17.42 µm) before and after automated preparation and manual instrumentation. The increased surface of the root canal and the percentage of untouched areas were assessed. Both WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems increased the root canal surface and had similar untouched areas (p>0.05). Supplementary instrumentation increased the surface of the root canal and decreased the untouched walls (p<0.05). WaveOne Gold and XP-endo Shaper systems provided a similar preparation of long oval-shaped canals and manual instrumentation improved their preparation.

Resumo Este estudo comparou o preparo de canais radiculares ovais longos usando os sistemas WaveOne Gold e XP-endo Shaper, ambos complementados ou não com instrumentação manual. Vinte e quatro canais longos e ovais de incisivos inferiores foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a instrumentação: sistemas WaveOne Gold Primary ou XP-endo Shaper. Todos os canais foram instrumentados manualmente com uma lima K tamanho 25 após preparo automatizado. Os espécimes foram escaneados usando um dispositivo de micro-CT (17,42 µm) antes e após o preparo automatizado e instrumentação manual. O aumento de superfície do canal radicular e a porcentagem de áreas intocadas foram avaliadas. Ambos os sistemas WaveOne Gold e XP-endo Shaper aumentaram a superfície do canal radicular e apresentaram áreas intocadas semelhantes (p>0,05). A instrumentação complementar aumentou a superfície do canal radicular e diminuiu o percentual de áreas intocadas (p <0,05). Os sistemas WaveOne Gold e XP-endo Shaper tiveram o preparo de canais ovais longos semelhantes, e a instrumentação manual melhorou o preparo.

Development and characterization of a new chitosan-based scaffold associated with gelatin, microparticulate dentin and genipin for endodontic regeneration.

OBJECTIVE: An ideal scaffold for endodontic regeneration should allow the predictableness of the new tissue organization and limit the negative impact of residual bacteria. Therefore, composition and functionalization of the scaffold play an important role in tissue bioengineering. The objective of this study was to assess the morphological, physicochemical, biological and antimicrobial properties of a new solid chitosan-based scaffold associated with gelatin, microparticulate dentin and genipin. METHODS: Scaffolds based on chitosan (Ch); chitosan associated with gelatin and genipin (ChGG); and chitosan associated with gelatin, microparticulate dentin and genipin (ChGDG) were prepared by using the freeze-drying method. The morphology of the scaffolds was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties were assessed for biodegradation, swelling and total released proteins. The biological aspects of the scaffolds were assessed using human cells from the apical papilla (hCAPs). Cell morphology and adhesion to the scaffolds were evaluated by SEM, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation by MTT reduction-assay. Cell differentiation in scaffolds was assessed by using alizarin red assay. The antimicrobial effect of the scaffolds was evaluated by using the bacterial culture method, and bacterial adhesion to the scaffolds was observed by SEM. RESULTS: All the scaffolds presented porous structures. The ChCDG had more protein release, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of hCAPs, and bacteriostatic effect on Enterococcus faecalis than Ch and ChGG (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The chitosan associated with gelatin, microparticulate dentin and genipin has morphological, physicochemical, biological and antibacterial characteristics suitable for their potential use as scaffold in regenerative endodontics.

Confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis of the penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules after calcium hydroxide dressing.

This study assessed the penetration of an epoxy resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules of root canals previously medicated with calcium hydroxide. Sixteen palatal root canals of upper molars were instrumented and distributed into two groups: (G1) root canals medicated with calcium hydroxide and obturated after its removal; (G2) root canals obturated without the use of dressing. Sealer mixed with rhodamine B provided fluorescence for confocal laser scanning microscopy. Measurements of area and linear penetration of the sealer were assessed in three thirds by ImageJ software. The data were statistically compared by Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's and Mann-Whitney U tests (P < 0.01). The calcium hydroxide decreased the penetration of the sealer. The coronal and middle thirds had similar areas and linear penetrations in both groups, whereas the apical third had less penetration. In conclusion, the penetration of the epoxy resin-based sealer is influenced by the calcium hydroxide dressing used between appointments.

Assessment of the Performance and Surface Alteration of Two Single-file Systems According to the Number of Uses

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the performance and surface alteration of two single-file systems according to the number of uses. Ten WaveOne Primary files (25/.08) and ten One Shape NG files (25/.06) were used for instrumentation of mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Each instrument was cleaned and sterilized after the preparation of two root canals and then reused. The time spent for instrumentation of each root canal was recorded and analyzed by using t-test. Microphotographs of the surface of the instruments were taken with a scanning electron microscope at different magnifications (i.e. 18x, 160x, 500x and 1000x) and at a distance of 4 mm from the instrument's tip before being analyzed by four observers. Presence of disruption of cutting edge, crack, craters and unwinding was assessed and submitted to Fisher's exact test. Both systems showed manufacturing defects and cracks. The presence of disruption of cutting edges was major in WaveOne files from the sixth use, whereas One Shape NG files showed more unwinding. Only preparation time using WaveOne files was influenced by the number of uses. One can conclude that WaveOne files had more disruption of cutting edges and took longer time for root canal preparation from the sixth use onwards, whereas the One Shape NG files showed more unwinding at the tenth use.

Evaluation of the WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation in Reducing Enterococcus faecalis from Root Canal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation systems regarding the bacterial removal from root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis by comparing them to the conventional WaveOne and One Shape systems. Forty-eight distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars sterilized with ethylene oxide were infected with E. faecalis for 21 days, and then root canal initial bacterial sample was collected with paper cones and plated on M-enterococcus agar. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the instrumentation: WaveOne Gold, One Shape New Generation, WaveOne and One Shape. After instrumentation, samples were collected with use of scraping and paper cones at immediate and 7 days after instrumentation. The bacterial reduction was calculated and then made intragroup analysis by Friedman test and intergroup analysis by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc test, all at 5% significance. All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the root canal (p<0.05). WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation promoted higher bacterial reduction than WaveOne and One Shape systems (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation or between WaveOne and One Shape (p>0.05). Novel single-file systems promote better bacterial removal than the conventional single-file systems.

Immunohistological study of the effect of vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the angiogenesis of mature root canals in rat molars.

Tissue bioengineering has been applied to Endodontics to seek a more biological treatment. The presence of blood vessels is crucial for cell nutrition during tissue formation. Objective This study analysed the application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenesis of mature root canals. Material and methods Upper first molars of twelve 13-week old Wistar male rats were used. The root pulp of the mesiobuccal canal was removed and the root canal instrumented with K-files up to size #25. Periapical bleeding was induced into the root canal by introducing a #15 K-file beyond the apex. The teeth on the right side of the arch were filled up with blood clot (G1), whereas those on the left side were filled up with blood clot plus 50 ng/ml of VEGF (G2). Teeth were sealed with light-curing glass-ionomer cement and the animals were sacrificed after 60 days. The maxilla was dissected and fixed before obtaining serial sections for histological processing with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical factor-VIII. Immunohistochemical labelling was evaluated using scores for statistical analysis. Results Immunohistological analysis demonstrated the presence of angiogenesis in both groups, but with higher angiogenic maturation in G2 during the experimental period (p<0.05). HE staining showed connective tissue with absence of odontoblasts in all specimens. Conclusions It can be concluded that it is possible to obtain angiogenesis in mature root canals with or without the use of VEGF, although the latter tends to accelerate blood vessel formation.

Evaluation of the waveone gold and one shape new generation in reducing enterococcus faecalis from root canal

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation systems regarding the bacterial removal from root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis by comparing them to the conventional WaveOne and One Shape systems. Forty-eight distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars sterilized with ethylene oxide were infected with E. faecalis for 21 days, and then root canal initial bacterial sample was collected with paper cones and plated on M-enterococcus agar. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the instrumentation: WaveOne Gold, One Shape New Generation, WaveOne and One Shape. After instrumentation, samples were collected with use of scraping and paper cones at immediate and 7 days after instrumentation. The bacterial reduction was calculated and then made intragroup analysis by Friedman test and intergroup analysis by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc test, all at 5% significance. All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the root canal (p<0.05). WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation promoted higher bacterial reduction than WaveOne and One Shape systems (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between WaveOne Gold and One Shape New Generation or between WaveOne and One Shape (p>0.05). Novel single-file systems promote better bacterial removal than the conventional single-file systems.

Resumo A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os sistemas WaveOne Gold e One Shape New Generation em relação à remoção bacteriana de canais infectados com Enterococcus faecalis, comparando-os com seus sistemas convencionais WaveOne e One Shape. Quarenta e oito canais disto vestibulares de molares superiores esterilizados em óxido de etileno foram contaminados com E. faecalis por 21 dias, e então acoleta bacteriana inicial foi feita com cone de papel e plaqueadas em M-enterococcus agar. Os espécimes foram aleatoriamente divididos em quarto grupos de acordo com a instrumentação: WaveOne Gold, One Shape New Generation, WaveOne e One Shape. Após instrumentação, amostras foram coletadas utilizando limagem e cones de papel imediatamente e 7 dias após o preparo. A redução bacteriana foi calculada e então feita análise intra grupos com teste de Friedman, e entre grupos utilizando Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn, todos a 5% de significância. Todas as técnicas reduziram significantemente o número de bactérias do canal radicular (p<0.05). WaveOne Gold e One Shape New Generation promoveram maior redução bacteriana que WaveOne e One Shape (p<0.05), mas nenhuma diferença significante foi encontrada entre WaveOne Gold e One Shape New Generation ou entre WaveOne e One Shape (p>0.05). Novos sistemas de lima-única promovem melhor remoção bacteriana que seus sistemas convencionais.

Immunohistological study of the effect of vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on the angiogenesis of mature root canals in rat molars

Abstract Tissue bioengineering has been applied to Endodontics to seek a more biological treatment. The presence of blood vessels is crucial for cell nutrition during tissue formation. Objective This study analysed the application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the angiogenesis of mature root canals. Material and methods Upper first molars of twelve 13-week old Wistar male rats were used. The root pulp of the mesiobuccal canal was removed and the root canal instrumented with K-files up to size #25. Periapical bleeding was induced into the root canal by introducing a #15 K-file beyond the apex. The teeth on the right side of the arch were filled up with blood clot (G1), whereas those on the left side were filled up with blood clot plus 50 ng/ml of VEGF (G2). Teeth were sealed with light-curing glass-ionomer cement and the animals were sacrificed after 60 days. The maxilla was dissected and fixed before obtaining serial sections for histological processing with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical factor-VIII. Immunohistochemical labelling was evaluated using scores for statistical analysis. Results Immunohistological analysis demonstrated the presence of angiogenesis in both groups, but with higher angiogenic maturation in G2 during the experimental period (p<0.05). HE staining showed connective tissue with absence of odontoblasts in all specimens. Conclusions It can be concluded that it is possible to obtain angiogenesis in mature root canals with or without the use of VEGF, although the latter tends to accelerate blood vessel formation.

Instrument Design May Influence Bacterial Reduction During Root Canal Preparation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial reduction promoted by ProTaper Next and Twisted File by comparing to ProTaper Universal and manual technique. Sixty distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars sterilized with ethylene oxide were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis broth culture. After incubation for 21 days, bacterial samples were collected and cultured on m-Enterococcus agar plates. The root canals were divided into 4 groups, according to the system used for instrumentation: ProTaper Next, Twisted File, ProTaper Universal, and crown down manual technique. Other 8 uncontaminated root canals were control asepsis. Bacterial samples were collected immediately and 7 days after instrumentation. The bacterial reduction was calculated and then made intragroup analysis by paired t-test and intergroup analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests, all at 5% significance. All techniques significantly reduced the bacterial number in the root canal (p<0.05). ProTaper Next and Twisted File resulted in more bacterial reduction than ProTaper Universal and manual technique (p<0.05). ProTaper Next and Twisted File were similar (p>0.05). It can be concluded that ProTaper Next and Twisted File promote a higher bacterial reduction than Protaper Universal and manual technique.

Instrument Design May Influence Bacterial Reduction During Root Canal Preparation

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial reduction promoted by ProTaper Next and Twisted File by comparing to ProTaper Universal and manual technique. Sixty distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars sterilized with ethylene oxide were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis broth culture. After incubation for 21 days, bacterial samples were collected and cultured on m-Enterococcus agar plates. The root canals were divided into 4 groups, according to the system used for instrumentation: ProTaper Next, Twisted File, ProTaper Universal, and crown down manual technique. Other 8 uncontaminated root canals were control asepsis. Bacterial samples were collected immediately and 7 days after instrumentation. The bacterial reduction was calculated and then made intragroup analysis by paired t-test and intergroup analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests, all at 5% significance. All techniques significantly reduced the bacterial number in the root canal (p<0.05). ProTaper Next and Twisted File resulted in more bacterial reduction than ProTaper Universal and manual technique (p<0.05). ProTaper Next and Twisted File were similar (p>0.05). It can be concluded that ProTaper Next and Twisted File promote a higher bacterial reduction than Protaper Universal and manual technique.

Resumo A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a redução bacteriana promovida pelos sistemas ProTaper Next e Twisted File comparando-os ao sistema ProTaper Universal e técnica manual. Sessenta raízes disto vestibulares de molares superiores esterilizadas com óxido de etileno foram contaminadas com Enterococcus faecalis. Após incubação por 21 dias, amostras foram coletas e cultivadas em m-Enterococcus agar. Os canais foram divididos em 4 grupos de acordo com o sistema de instrumentação: ProTaper Next, Twisted File, ProTaper Universal, e técnica manual crown-down. Outros 8 canais não contaminados foram utilizados como controle de assepsia. Amostra bacteriana foi coletada imediatamente após o prepare e aos 7 dias. A redução bacteriana foi calculada, e então feita a análise intergrupos utilizando teste t-pareado, e análise entre grupos utilizando os testes ANOVA e Tukey, todos com 5% de significância. Todas as técnicas reduziram significantemente o número de bactérias no canal radicular (p<0.05). ProTaper Next e Twisted File resultaram em maior redução bacteriana que ProTaper Universal e técnica manual (p<0.05). ProTaper Next e Twisted File foram semelhantes (p>0.05). Pode-se concluir que ProTaper Next e Twisted File promovem maior redução bacteriana que Protaper Universal e técnica manual.

Análise de diagnósticos radiográfico periapicais sugestivos de lesões refratárias / Analysis of periapical radiographic diagnosis that suggest persistent lesion

Cicatrizes fibrosas periapicais podem ter aspecto radiográfico semelhante a lesões periapicais, levando ao plano de tratamento incorreto. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um confronto entre o diagnóstico radiográfico e histopatológico de dentes que foram tratados endodonticamente e apresentaram“lesões periapicais” detectadas radiograficamente após 18 meses do tratamento. Dez pacientes submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico adequado e apresentando imagem radiolúcia persistente 18 meses pós-tratamento, tiveram cirurgia paraendodôntica indicada. Durante a cirurgia, o tecido em volta do ápice foi removido e mergulhado em solução de formalina 10% para processamento histopatológico através de coloração de HE. O ápice removido na apicectomia foi mantido em glutaraldeído 2% e processado para análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Dentre os 10 casos sugestivos de lesão periapical, em apenas um caso foi confirmado diagnóstico de cisto, um caso de granuloma, e os outros oito casos confirmaram cicatriz fibrosa. Em nenhum dos casos foi detectada a presença de bactéria extrarradicular, somente infiltrado inflamatório e presença de células de defesa como linfócitos e neutrófilos, além de hemácias, tecido conjuntivo e colágeno. Pode-se concluir que a radiográfica convencional não constitui ponto conclusivo no diagnóstico de lesões periapicais.

Periapical fibrous scars may have similar radiographic appearance of periapical lesions that canresult in incorrect diagnosis. The aim of this study was a confrontation between the radiographic and histopathologic diagnosis of teeth that were endodontically treated and presented “persistent periapical lesions” detected radiographically after 18 months of treatment. Ten patients under going adequate endodontic treatment and presenting persistent radiolucent image at 18 months post-treatment, had surgery Para endodontic indicated. During surgery, the tissue around the apex was removed and immersedin 10% formalin solution for histological processing by HE staining. The apex oh the tooth was removed and immersed in 2% glutaral dehyde for scanning electron microscopy processing. Among the 10 radiographically suggestive cases of persistent periapical lesion, only 1 case was confirmed diagnosis of cyst, 1 case of granuloma, and the other 8 cases were fibrous scar. In neither case was observed the presence of bacteria, only inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of defense cells such as lymphocytes and neutrophils, red blood cells, connective tissue and collagen. It can be concluded that the conventional radiography is not conclusive point in the diagnosis of periapical lesions.

Comparação do teor de cloro ativo e pH do hipoclorito de sódio 0, 5% fabricado e manipulado / Comparison of active chlorine and pH of manufactured and manipulated sodium hypochlorite 0.5%

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a real concentração de cloro ativo e pH do hipoclorito de sódio a 0,5% fabricado e manipulado. Foram analisadas 10 amostras de hipoclorito de sódio 0,5%, sendo 5 adquiridas em comércio e outros 5 em farmácias de manipulação. As amostras foram armazenadas em frascos de vidro âmbar e mantidas em caixa de isopor. Assim, foi realizada a medição de pH com um pHmetro, e o cloro ativo por titulometria. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Mann-Whitney (p=0.05). A medição de pH variou de 7.7 a 11.5, com média de 9.45, e em relação à concentração de cloro ativo houve uma variação de 0,04% a 0,45%. A análise estatística não apresentou diferença significante entre os grupos. Pode-se concluir que hipoclorito de sódio 0,5% manipulado e vendido comercialmente não se diferiu entre si em relação à sua concentração, no entanto, há falta de controle entre alguns fabricantes/manipuladores quanto à real concentração de cloro ativo. Maior parte dos produtos comercializados possui pH dentro do proposto na literatura...

The aim of this study was to verify the actual concentration of active chlorine and pH of manufactured and manipulated sodium hypochlorite 0.5%. Ten samples of the sodium hypochlorite 0.5% were analyzed, 5 manufactured and other 5 manipulated. The samples were stored in amber glass bottles and styrofoam box. Then, it was performed the pH measurement using a pHmeter, and the active chlorine by titrimetry. The data were submitted to Mann-Whitney test (p=0.05). PH measuring ranged from 7.7 to 11.5, with a mean of 9.45, and active chlorine concentration ranged from 0.04% to 0.45%. There was no significant difference between the groups. It can be concluded that manufactured and manipulated sodium hypochlorite 0.5% did not differ regarding concentration, and there is no control of concentration for both manufacturer and manipulator. Most of manufactured and manipulated products presented pH in accordance to that proposed in the literature...

Análise do efeito do fator de crescimento endotelial na angiogênese em canais de dentes de ratos com apicigênese completa / Analysis of the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis of root canal in mature teeth of rats

A bioengenharia tecidual tem sido aplicada na Endodontia na busca de tratamentos mais biológicos. A revascularização pulpar tem sido observada em dentes com ápice aberto, porém há poucos estudos direcionados aos dentes com ápice formado. A angiogênese é primordial para a nutrição celular durante a regeneração tecidual. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do fator de crescimento endotelial (VEGF) na angiogênese após pulpectomia de canais radiculares de rato com apicigênese completa. A câmara pulpar dos primeiros molares superiores de 12 ratos machos Wistar com 13 semanas foi acessada. A polpa radicular do canal mésio vestibular foi removida e o canal instrumentado até a lima K25. Com uma lima K20, além do limite foraminal, foi induzido o sangramento periapical para o canal radicular. Os dentes do lado direito da arcada foram preenchidos com coágulo sanguíneo (GS), e nos dentes do lado esquerdo foi utilizado VEGF165 recombinante (Prospec, Israel) adicionado ao coágulo (GV). Os dentes foram selados com ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável, e 60 dias depois os animais foram sacrificados.

A maxila foi dissecada, fixada, descalcificada e incluída em parafina. Cortes transversais seriados foram feitos e corados com hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação morfológica ou incubados com anticorpo de coelho anti-fator VIII (Bioss, EUA) para análise da angiogênese. A análise histológica demonstrou canais preenchidos por tecido conjuntivo sem presença de odontoblastos nos dois grupos. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou positividade para o anticorpo no tecido neoformado em ambos os grupos. No grupo 1 foi predominante a marcação difusa, e no grupo 2 foi a marcação definida. Pode-se concluir que o uso de VEGF acelera a angiogênese que ocorre em canais pulpectomizados de molares com apicigênese completa.

The tissue engineering has been applied in Endodontics in search of more biological treatments. The pulp revascularization has been observed in immature teeth, but there are few studies directed to the closed-apex teeth. Angiogenesis is essential for cellular nutrition during tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis after pulp removal in rats with mature teeth. The pulp chamber of upper first molars of 12 male Wistar rats with 13-weeks-old was accessed. The pulp of the mesiobuccal root canal was removed, and the root canal was shaped up to 25K-file. Then, a 20K-file was introduced beyond the apex to induce bleeding. The teeth on the right side of the arch are filled using blood clot alone (GS) and the teeth on the left side was filled using blood clot + VEGF165 recombinant (Prospec, Israel) (GV). The teeth were coronally sealed using light-curing glass ionomer, and the animals were sacrificed after 60 days. The samples were dissected, fixed, decalcified and included in paraffin. Transverse serial sections were made, and stained using hematoxylin-eosin to morphological evaluation or expressed by immunostaining using anti-Factor VIII rabbit antibody (BIOSs, USA) to angiogenesis analysis. Morphological analysis showed root canals filled by connective tissue without the presence of odontoblasts in both groups. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for the antibody in the new tissue in both groups, with marking defined in group 2. Diffuse marking was predominant in the group 1, and the well-maked type was predominant in the group 2. It can be concluded that the use of VEGF accelerates angiogenesis that occurs in root canal of closed-apex molars after pulpectomy.

Análise do efeito do fator de crescimento endotelial na angiogênese em canais de dentes de ratos com apicigênese completa / Analysis of the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis of root canal in mature teeth of rats

A bioengenharia tecidual tem sido aplicada na Endodontia na busca de tratamentos mais biológicos. A revascularização pulpar tem sido observada em dentes com ápice aberto, porém há poucos estudos direcionados aos dentes com ápice formado. A angiogênese é primordial para a nutrição celular durante a regeneração tecidual. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do fator de crescimento endotelial (VEGF) na angiogênese após pulpectomia de canais radiculares de rato com apicigênese completa. A câmara pulpar dos primeiros molares superiores de 12 ratos machos Wistar com 13 semanas foi acessada. A polpa radicular do canal mésio vestibular foi removida e o canal instrumentado até a lima K25. Com uma lima K20, além do limite foraminal, foi induzido o sangramento periapical para o canal radicular. Os dentes do lado direito da arcada foram preenchidos com coágulo sanguíneo (GS), e nos dentes do lado esquerdo foi utilizado VEGF165 recombinante (Prospec, Israel) adicionado ao coágulo (GV). Os dentes foram selados com ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável, e 60 dias depois os animais foram sacrificados. A maxila foi dissecada, fixada, descalcificada e incluída em parafina. Cortes transversais seriados foram feitos e corados com hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação morfológica ou incubados com anticorpo de coelho anti-fator VIII (Bioss, EUA) para análise da angiogênese. A análise histológica demonstrou canais preenchidos por tecido conjuntivo sem presença de odontoblastos nos dois grupos. A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou positividade para o anticorpo no tecido neoformado em ambos os grupos. No grupo 1 foi predominante a marcação difusa, e no grupo 2 foi a marcação definida. Pode-se concluir que o uso de VEGF acelera a angiogênese que ocorre em canais pulpectomizados de molares com apicigênese completa.

The tissue engineering has been applied in Endodontics in search of more biological treatments. The pulp revascularization has been observed in immature teeth, but there are few studies directed to the closed-apex teeth. Angiogenesis is essential for cellular nutrition during tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis after pulp removal in rats with mature teeth. The pulp chamber of upper first molars of 12 male Wistar rats with 13-weeks-old was accessed. The pulp of the mesiobuccal root canal was removed, and the root canal was shaped up to 25K-file. Then, a 20K-file was introduced beyond the apex to induce bleeding. The teeth on the right side of the arch are filled using blood clot alone (GS) and the teeth on the left side was filled using blood clot + VEGF165 recombinant (Prospec, Israel) (GV). The teeth were coronally sealed using light-curing glass ionomer, and the animals were sacrificed after 60 days. The samples were dissected, fixed, decalcified and included in paraffin. Transverse serial sections were made, and stained using hematoxylin-eosin to morphological evaluation or expressed by immunostaining using anti-Factor VIII rabbit antibody (BIOSs, USA) to angiogenesis analysis. Morphological analysis showed root canals filled by connective tissue without the presence of odontoblasts in both groups. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for the antibody in the new tissue in both groups, with marking defined in group 2. Diffuse marking was predominant in the group 1, and the well-maked type was predominant in the group 2. It can be concluded that the use of VEGF accelerates angiogenesis that occurs in root canal of closed-apex molars after pulpectomy.

Bacterial removal promoted by 2 single-file systems: Wave One and One Shape.

INTRODUCTION: Different single-file systems are available for endodontic treatment; however, comparative studies are scarce. Thus, the present study evaluated bacterial reduction promoted by 2 single-file systems: Wave One (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and One Shape (Micromega, Besancon, France). METHODS: Forty-five distobuccal root canals of upper molars sterilized with ethylene oxide were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days, and then root canal initial bacterial sample was collected with paper cones and plated on M-enterococcus agar. The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups according to instrumentation (n = 15): Wave One, One Shape, and the crown-down manual technique (control group). The other 6 specimens without contamination were control asepsis. After instrumentation, samples were collected with the use of scraping and paper cones. The bacterial reduction was calculated, and then intragroup analysis was performed using the paired t test and intergroup analysis using analysis of variance (both at 5% significance). RESULTS: All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the root canal (P < .05), with no significant difference between them (P > .05). The aseptic control group did not show any bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the single-file systems Wave One and One Shape significantly reduce the bacterial number in the root canal and that there is no significant difference in their bacterial reduction abilities.

Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana de diferentes materiais restauradores provisórios / Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of different temporary restorative materials

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a propriedade antimicrobiana de diferentes materiais restauradores provisórios: Óxido de zinco e eugenol, óxido de zinco pronto para uso [Coltosoll, resinoso (Bioplic) e guta-percha. Foram utilizadas 10 amostras de cada material acondicionados em poços de m-enterococcus ágar contaminado com Enterococcus faecolis. Poços vazios cons­tituíram o grupo controle. As placas foram encubadas a 37°C por 24 horas, e os halos de inibição foram analisados. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis complemen­tado pelo teste de Dunn (p<0,05). Os resultados apresentaram que o óxido de zinco e eugenol apresentou maior halo de inibição quando comparado à guta-percha e o resinoso, porém não obteve diferença significante ao óxido de zinco pronto para uso que foi diferente somente em relação ao grupo controle de crescimento bacteriano zero. Pode-se concluir que na observação após 24 h de inserção, o Óxido de zinco e eugenol demonstrou maior efeito antibacteriano que o resinoso e a guta-percha, porém semelhante ao óxido de zinco pronto para uso.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of different temporary res­torative materiais: Zinc oxide and eugenol, ready-to-use zinc oxide, resin-based (Bioplic) and Gutta-percha. Ten samples of each material were placed into wells done on m-enterococcus agar contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. Empty wells were the control group. The pla­tes were incubated at 3rC for 24 hours, and the inhibition zone around the materiais was analyzed. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis complemented by Dunn's test (p <0.05) The results showed that the zinc oxide and eugenol showed greater inhibition zone compared to gutta-percha and resin-based material, no significant difference was found between them and ready-to-use zinc oxide. Ready-to-use zinc oxide was significant difference to control group of growth inhibition zero. It can be concluded that after 24 h, the zinc oxide and eugenol has more antibacterial effect than resin-based material and gutta-percha, but it showed similarity to ready-to-use zinc oxide.

Acurácia do diâmetro de ponta de cones de gutapercha com diferentes conicidades / Accuracy of the tip diameter on gutta-percha cones of different tapers

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o diâmetro da ponta de cones de guta-percha com diferentes conicidades, considerando a especificação do fabricante. Materiais e Métodos: Cento e quarenta cones de guta percha (Dentsply Maillefer): F2, F3, e 25, 30, 35 e 40 de conicidade .02, .04 e .06 (n = 10) foram utilizados neste estudo. Os cones foram presos em uma régua calibradora, e observados em microscópio ótico com aumento de 40x. Então, o diâmetro da ponta de cada cone foi medido com paquímetro digital. Os dados foram categorizados como corretos ou incorretos utilizando margem de erro de ±0,01 mm e submetidos ao teste Exato de Fisher (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Somente 4 cones de guta percha estavam incorretos, porém não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os cones em relação ao padrão estabelecido pelo fabricante.Conclusão: Conclui-se que os cones principais da marca Dentsply Maillefer, independente de sua conicidade(.02, .04, .06, F2 e F3), possuem o diâmetro da ponta calibrado de acordo com a especificação do fabricante.

Comparison of three obturation techniques with regard to bacterial leakage

AIM: To compare bacterial leakage in root canals obturated with the modified single-cone, lateral condensation, and continuous wave of condensation techniques. METHODS: Distobuccal root canals of maxillary molars were shaped up to ProTaper F2 and obturated with modified singlecone, lateral condensation or continuous wave of condensation technique. Two-chamber bacterial model using Enterococcus faecalis was employed for bacterial leakage evaluation for 30 days. The chi-square test was applied to evaluate differences between turbid and non-turbid samples, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for evaluating the time necessary for microleakage. A significance level of 5% was set for all analyses. RESULTS: The modified single-cone technique showed leakage in 73.3% of samples, lateral condensation in 66.6%, and continuous wave of condensation in 53.3%, but there were no significant differences among the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the modified single-cone technique shows similar sealing efficacy to that of lateral condensation and continuous wave of condensation technique.