Incidence of and factors associated with emergency caesarean section in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A retrospective cohort study.

AIM: The incidence of factors associated with emergency cesarean section (ECS) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not been well investigated. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with GDM between 2011 and 2020 at a tertiary care hospital in Japan. Clinical data, vital signs, and laboratory results of the patients were collected from electronic medical records. We constructed a multivariate logistic regression model to identify the clinical characteristics associated with ECS. RESULTS: We included 1189 patients diagnosed with GDM, the mean maternal age was 33 years, and 507 (42.6%) patients were aged ≥35 years. In total, 114 patients underwent ECS (9.6%). The previous assisted reproductive technology (ART) use (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-2.93), previous artificial abortion (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.13-3.33), high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11), and late diagnosis of GDM (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.003-1.05) were independently associated with ECS. CONCLUSIONS: One of every 10 GDM patients required ECS. Previous ART use, previous artificial abortion, high pre-pregnancy BMI, and late diagnosis of GDM were risk factors for ECS in GDM patients.

Fluttering cord-like thrombus in the aortic arch.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment for aortic thrombus remains to be determined, but surgical treatment is indicated when there is a risk for thromboembolism. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old male presented with weakness in his left arm upon awakening. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and transesophageal echocardiography revealed a mobile pedunculated object suggestive of a thrombus arising from the ascending aorta and extending to the left common carotid artery. It was removed under hypothermic circulatory arrest and direct cannulation of the left carotid artery to avoid carotid thromboembolism. Histopathological examination revealed that the object was a thrombus. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 9 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: When a thrombus in the aortic arch extends to the neck arteries, direct cannulation of the neck arteries with selective cerebral perfusion via cervical incision is a useful technique.

[Midterm Structural Valve Failure of the Transcatheter Aortic Valve due to Leaflet Dehiscence].

We experienced a rare case of acute heart failure due to prosthetic valve regurgitation seven years after the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We performed an emergent surgical aortic valve replacement. Intraoperative findings revealed the dehiscence of both sides of the anatomical noncoronary cusp without evident signs of degenerations such as thickening, calcification, or infection. Postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient discharged home 20 days after surgery. Although cause of valve failure was unclear, we are seriously concerned about the increase of similar cases in the future. Application of TAVI especially to younger patients should be avoided until long-term safety is demonstrated.

Forced Gradient Copolymer for Rational Design of Mussel-Inspired Adhesives and Dispersants.

In recent years, there has been considerable research into functional materials inspired by living things. Much attention has been paid to the development of adhesive materials that mimic the adhesive proteins secreted by a mussel's foot. These mussel-inspired materials have superior adhesiveness to various adherents owing to the non-covalent interactions of their polyphenolic moieties, e.g., hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and even hydrophobic interactions. Various factors significantly affect the adhesiveness of mussel-inspired polymers, such as the molecular weight, cross-linking density, and composition ratio of the components, as well as the chemical structure of the polyphenolic adhesive moieties, such as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-Dopa). However, the contributions of the position and distribution of the adhesive moiety in mussel-inspired polymers are often underestimated. In the present study, we prepared a series of mussel-inspired alkyl methacrylate copolymers by controlling the position and distribution of the adhesive moiety, which are known as "forced gradient copolymers". We used a newly designed gallic-acid-bearing methacrylate (GMA) as the polyphenolic adhesive moiety and copolymerized it with 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA). The resulting forced gradient adhesive copolymer of GMA and EHMA (poly(GMA-co-EHMA), Poly1) was subjected to adhesion and dispersion tests with an aluminum substrate and a BaTiO3 nanoparticle in organic solvents, respectively. In particular, this study aims to clarify how the monomer position and distribution of the adhesive moiety in the mussel-inspired polymer affect its adhesion and dispersion behavior on a flat metal oxide surface and spherical inorganic oxide surfaces of several tens of nanometers in diameter, respectively. Here, forced gradient copolymer Poly1 consisted of a homopolymer moiety of EHMA (Poly3) and a random copolymer moiety of EHMA and GMA (Poly4). The composition ratio of GMA and the molecular weight were kept constant among the Poly1 series. Simultaneous control of the molecular lengths of Poly3 and Poly4 allowed us to discuss the effects on the distribution of GMA in Poly1. Poly1 exhibited apparent distribution dependency with regard to the adhesiveness and the dispersibility of BaTiO3. Poly1 showed the highest adhesion strength when the composition ratio of GMA was approximately 9 mol% in the portion of the Poly4 segment. In contrast, the block copolymer consisting of the Poly3 segment and Poly4 segment with only adhesive moiety 1 showed the lowest viscosity for dispersion of BaTiO3 nanoparticles. These results indicate that copolymers with mussel-inspired adhesive motifs require the proper design of the monomer position and distribution in Poly1 according to the shape and characteristics of the adherend to maximize their functionality. This research will facilitate the rational design of bio-inspired adhesive materials derived from plants that outperform natural materials, and it will eventually contribute to a sustainable circular economy.

Long-term outcomes following surgical repair of coronary artery fistula in adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a relatively rare cardiac anomaly. We investigated long-term outcomes following surgical repair of CAF in adults. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated 13 consecutive patients undergoing surgical repair of CAF in our institution between 2008 and 2019 (67.3 ± 10.4 years old, 38% male). CAF types were coronary artery-pulmonary artery fistula (77%), coronary artery-coronary sinus fistula (15%), and both (8%). CAFs originated from the left coronary artery (38%), right coronary artery (8%), and bilateral coronary arteries (38%). Pulmonary and systemic flow (Qp/Qs) was measured in seven patients (54%), with a mean value of 1.52. Seven patients underwent surgery for CAFs alone, and others simultaneously underwent surgery for comorbid cardiac diseases. RESULTS: All procedures were conducted under cardiopulmonary bypass. Surgical procedures were direct epicardial ligation of fistula (92%), direct closure of CAF through pulmonary artery incision (38%), direct closure of CAF through coronary sinus incision (8%), or patch closure of CAF through coronary artery incision (8%). Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy showed asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in the right coronary area after surgery in one patient. There were no deaths perioperatively or during follow-up (mean: 66.6 months). There were no coronary or other CAF-related events. CONCLUSIONS: Several anatomical variations in CAF were observed which coexist with cardiac disease. Long-term outcomes following surgical repair were satisfactory, and the concurrent intervention of CAFs during surgery for comorbid cardiac disease is useful to prevent future complications related CAFs in adults.

Impact of dialysis in patients undergoing bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of bioprosthetic structural valve deterioration in dialysis patients undergoing aortic valve replacement compared to that in patients without dialysis. METHODS: This single-centre retrospective observational study included 1159 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement using bioprosthetic valves for aortic stenosis and/or regurgitation at our institution between 2007 and 2017 [patients with dialysis (group D, n = 134, 12%) or without dialysis (group N, n = 1025, 88%)]. To adjust for potential differences between groups in terms of initial preoperative characteristics or selection bias, a propensity score analysis was conducted. The final sample that was used in the comparison included 258 patients, as follows: 129 patients with dialysis (group D) and 129 patients without dialysis (group N). The cumulative incidences of all-cause death, cardiac death and moderate or severe structural valve deterioration were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Operative mortality was significantly higher in group D than group N (9% vs 0%, P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that in group D, the incidence was significantly higher for all-cause death (P < 0.001, 50% vs 18% at 5 years), cardiac death (P = 0.001, 18% vs 5% at 5 years) and moderate or severe structural valve deterioration (P < 0.001, 29% vs 5% at 5 years) compared with group N. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of structural valve deterioration in dialysis patients undergoing aortic valve replacement was higher than that in patients without dialysis. Bioprosthetic valves should be carefully selected in dialysis patients undergoing aortic valve replacement.

Effect of Multiple Prior Percutaneous Coronary Interventions on Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

BACKGROUND: The effect of multiple prior percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) before subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on long-term outcomes has not been well elucidated.Methods and Results:Between 2007 and 2016, 1,154 patients undergoing primary isolated CABG in our institution had no prior PCI (Group N), 225 had a single prior PCI (Group S), and 272 had multiple prior PCIs (Group M). Cumulative incidences of all-cause death, cardiac death and myocardial infarction (MI) at 10 years post-CABG were highest in Group M. After adjusting for confounders, the risk of all-cause death was higher in Group M than in Group N (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.91; P<0.01). Between Groups N and S, however, the risk of all-cause death was not different. The risks of cardiac death and MI were likewise higher in Group M than in Group N (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.55-3.71; P<0.01 and HR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.16-11.5; P=0.03, respectively), but not different between Groups N and S. The risk of repeat revascularization was not different among any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple prior PCIs was associated with higher risks of long-term death and cardiovascular events. The incidence of repeat revascularization after CABG was low regardless of the history of single/multiple PCIs.

Basic fibroblast growth factor attenuates left-ventricular remodeling following surgical ventricular restoration in a rat ischemic cardiomyopathy model.

OBJECTIVE: Although surgical ventricular restoration for ischemic cardiomyopathy is expected as an alternative or bridge to heart transplantation, post-operative remodeling of left ventricle (LV) needs to be addressed. This study aimed to examine the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which induces angiogenesis and tissue regeneration in ischemic myocardium, to prevent remodeling after surgical ventricular restoration (SVR) using a rat ischemic cardiomyopathy model. METHODS: Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, rats were divided into two groups: rats treated with SVR alone (SVR; n = 21), and rats treated with SVR and local sustained release of bFGF using gelatin hydrogel sheet (SVR + bFGF; n = 22). Cardiac function was assessed by serial echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Cardiac tissue sections were histologically examined for vascular density and fibrosis. RESULTS: Higher systolic function and lower LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were observed in rats treated with SVR + bFGF (SVR vs SVR + bFGF; Ees: 0.22 ± 0.11 vs 0.33 ± 0.22 mmHg/µL, p = 0.0328; LVEDP: 12.7 ± 7.0 vs 8.5 ± 4.3 mmHg, p = 0.0230). LV area tended to be lower in rats treated with SVR + bFGF compared to rats treated with SVR alone (left-ventricular end-diastolic area: 0.66 ± 0.07 vs 0.62 ± 0.07 cm2, p = 0.071). Vascular density tended to be higher in rats treated with SVR + bFGF than those without bFGF (23.3 ± 8.1 vs 28.8 ± 9.5/mm2, p = 0.0509). CONCLUSIONS: BFGF induced angiogenesis and attenuated remodeling after SVR which secured the efficacy of SVR in a rat ischemic cardiomyopathy model.

[Successful Repair of Acute Aortic Dissection after Stent Placement into the Occluded Left Common Carotid Artery;Report of a Case].

A 63-year old woman was admitted to our hospital due to loss of consciousness [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) E1V1M4]. Cerebral angiography showed known severe stenosis in the right common carotid artery and acute occlusion of the left common carotid artery. Enhanced computed tomography(CT) revealed Stanford type A acute aortic dissection. We judged an emergency surgery was not indicated for this comatose patient. Neurosurgeons placed stents into the left common and internal carotid arteries. The next day, the patient regained consciousness (GCS E4V2M6), and we performed ascending aorta replacement. There was an intimal tear in the ascending aorta and proximal end of the left carotid artery stent was visible in the aortic arch. Postoperative course was uneventful, and CT revealed successful aortic repair and patent stents in the left carotid artery. She was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital on postoperative day 44. Although stent insertion into carotid arteries in a patient with acute aortic dissection carries some risks such as making a new intimal tear or catheterizing in a false lumen, early cerebral reperfusion may improve prognosis of the patients with acute aortic dissection with cerebral malperfusion.

Importance of Proteasome Gene Expression during Model Dough Fermentation after Preservation of Baker's Yeast Cells by Freezing.

Freeze-thaw stress causes various types of cellular damage, survival and/or proliferation defects, and metabolic alterations. However, the mechanisms underlying how cells cope with freeze-thaw stress are poorly understood. Here, model dough fermentations using two baker's yeast strains, 45 and YF, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared after 2 weeks of cell preservation in a refrigerator or freezer. YF exhibited slow fermentation after exposure to freeze-thaw stress due to low cell viability. A DNA microarray analysis of the YF cells during fermentation revealed that the genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation were relatively strongly expressed, suggesting a decrease in the glycolytic capacity. Furthermore, we found that mRNA levels of the genes that encode the components of the proteasome complex were commonly low, and ubiquitinated proteins were accumulated by freeze-thaw stress in the YF strain. In the cells with a laboratory strain background, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the deletion of each transcriptional activator gene for the proteasome genes (RPN4, PDR1, or PDR3) led to marked impairment of model dough fermentation using the frozen cells. Based on these data, proteasomal degradation of freeze-thaw-damaged proteins may guarantee high cell viability and fermentation performance. We also found that the freeze-thaw stress-sensitive YF strain was heterozygous at the PDR3 locus, and one of the alleles (A148T/A229V/H336R/L541P) was shown to possess a dominant negative phenotype of slow fermentation. Removal of such responsible mutations could improve the freeze-thaw stress tolerance and the fermentation performance of baker's yeast strains, as well as other industrial S. cerevisiae strains.IMPORTANCE The development of freezing technology has enabled the long-term preservation and long-distance transport of foods and other agricultural products. Fresh yeast, however, is usually not frozen because the fermentation performance and/or the viability of individual cells is severely affected after thawing. Here, we demonstrate that proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated proteins is an essential process in the freeze-thaw stress responses of S. cerevisiae Upstream transcriptional activator genes for the proteasome components are responsible for the fermentation performance after freezing preservation. Thus, this study provides a potential linkage between freeze-thaw stress inputs and the transcriptional regulatory network that might be functionally conserved in higher eukaryotes. Elucidation of the molecular targets of freeze-thaw stress will contribute to advances in cryobiology, such as freezing preservation of human cells, tissues, and embryos for medical purposes and breeding of industrial microorganisms and agricultural crops that adapt well to low temperatures.

Total aortic arch replacement using frozen elephant trunk technique with J Graft Open Stent Graft for distal aortic arch aneurysm.

OBJECTIVES: The J Graft Open Stent Graft, the first commercialized stent graft in Japan, has been available since February 2014, and we have used this new device as a frozen elephant trunk technique for distal aortic arch aneurysm. Here, we present our surgical method and result with this new device. METHODS: Between October 2014 and October 2016, 30 patients (26 males, mean age 74.3 ± 9.7 years) underwent total aortic arch replacement using the frozen elephant trunk technique with the J Graft Open Stent Graft for distal aortic arch aneurysm. The follow-up period was 10 months. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality were 0%. Stroke occurred in three cases (10%), paraplegia in one case (3.3%), respiratory complication in two cases (6.7%), and renal failure in two cases (6.7%). During the follow-up period, there was no aorta- related death, and two patients needed an aortic operation (re-hemiarch replacement for pseudoaneurysm of proximal anastomotic site; axilloaxillary bypass for occlusion of the left subclavian artery), and two patients needed catheter embolization for type II endoleak for reopening of the left subclavian artery. CONCLUSION: Our short-term surgical results were acceptable. This new device is useful for distal aortic arch aneurysms.

Early Safety and Efficacy of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for Asian Nonagenarians (from KMH Registry).

As Japan has one of the most rapidly aging populations in the world, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is likely to be performed in increasing numbers of older people. There is little information on either the efficacy or the safety of TAVI in nonagenarians in Asia.From October 2013 to June 2015, 112 consecutive patients underwent TAVI with Edwards SAPIEN XT valves in our institution. We compared 25 patients aged at least 90 years (mean 91.6 ± 1.7 years) with 87 patients aged under 90 years (mean 82.5 ± 6.0 years) at the time of TAVI. All definitions of clinical endpoints and adverse events were based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium 2 definitions.The median follow-up interval was 561.5 days (the first and third quarters, 405.0 and 735.8 days). Nonagenarians had a higher logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE), Euro II score, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons predictive risk of mortality (STS) score, and a prevalence of clinical frailty scale ≥ 4. The rate of device success, and the 30-day and 6-month mortalities were not different between patients aged ≥ 90 years and < 90 years (96.0% versus 92.0%, P = 0.68; both 0%, P = 1.00; 4.0% versus 3.5%, P = 0.32, respectively). At six months, clinical efficacy and time-related valve safety were also similar in the two groups (12.5% versus 13.4%, P = 1.00; 4.5% versus 10.3%, P = 0.68, respectively). The cumulative 1-year mortalities were not significantly different between the two groups (8.4% versus 9.4%, P = 0.94, respectively).TAVI can contribute to acceptable clinical results and benefits in a carefully selected group of nonagenarians in Asia.

[Dehiscence of the Pericardial Patch, after Surgical Treatment of Active Infective Aortic Valve Endocarditis with Reconstruction of the Aortic Annulus Using a Glutaraldehyde-treated Autologous Pericardium].

A 50-year-old man was admitted with fever and chill sensation 6 months ago. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed left and right coronary cusp prolapses and a thickened tissue of the aortic curtain. Congestive heart failure due to active infective aortic valve endocarditis was diagnosed, and he underwent aortic valve replacement. The aortic annulus was reconstructed using a glutaraldehydetreated autologous pericardium. Six months after surgery, TTE showed severe aortic regurgitation and saccular change in the aortic annulus. Transesophageal echocargiography showed some echo free space from left to noncoronary cusp and abnormal movement of the prosthetic valve annulus. Intraoperative examination showed dehiscence of the pericardial patch from the aortic wall, but no finding of infection. Aortic valve rereplacement was performed with reconstruction of the aortic annulus using a bovine pericardium. To prevent the dehiscence of the pericardial patch from the aortic wall, sutures fixing the prosthetic valve were passed from outside of the aortic wall.

Descending aortic dissection injured by tip of the sheath during transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

An 86-year-old woman was referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) because of recurrent severe aortic stenosis after balloon aortic valvuloplasty in May 2014. We planned to implant a 23-mm Sapien XT valve by transfemoral approach. During procedure, aortic dissection was detected by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The dissection limited to the descending aorta and did not include the ascending aorta. Therefore, our team decided to implant the 23-mm Sapien valve as planned. After the procedure, the dissection was treated conservatively without surgical repair. Three weeks later, she was discharged without any complications.

Initial medical treatment for acute type a intramural hematoma and aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: There are contradictory reports on outcomes of patients treated for Stanford type A acute intramural hematoma (IMH) and acute aortic dissections (AAD) with thrombosed false lumens. We evaluated short-term clinical outcomes and predictors of adverse outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 59 symptomatic patients with type A acute IMH and AAD with thrombosed thoracic false lumens who initially received treatment. Survival, aortic death (death from aortic events and sudden deaths), and aortic event-free survival rates were investigated. False lumen thickness ratios (FTR [false lumen thickness/aortic diameter]) were measured by computed tomography scan and the relationship with aortic events was evaluated. RESULTS: Survival, aortic death-free survival, and aortic event-free survival rates at 2 years were 90.0%, 96.6%, and 55.8%, respectively. Ascending aortic diameters, false lumen thickness of the ascending aortas, and rate of penetrating aortic ulcers in the ascending aortas were higher among patients with aortic events. The FTR of the ascending aorta (FTRA)/FTR of the descending aorta (FTRD) was also higher in these patients (1.3 ± 0.9 versus 0.8 ± 0.5, p = 0.0021). Multivariate analysis revealed FTRA/FTRD greater than 0.98 (odds ratio 5.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 1.72; p = 0.0431) as an independent predictor of aortic events. An FTRA/FTRD greater than 0.98 predicted aortic events with 87.1% sensitivity and 58.4% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: High aortic event rates were seen after treatment for type A acute IMH and AAD with thrombosed thoracic false lumens. Nevertheless, short-term survival rates were favorable. An FTRA/FTRD greater than 0.98 may be a highly sensitive predictor for aortic events.

1,5,7,8',11-Penta-meth-oxy-13H-spiro-[dibenzo[a,g]fluorene-13,1'(4'H)-naphthalen]-4'-one toluene monosolvate.

In the title compound, C(35)H(28)O(6)·C(7)H(8), the dihedral angle between the mean planes through the naphthalene ring systems of the dibenzo[a,g]fluorene moiety is 22.44 (3)°. The aromatic ring system of the naphthalenone unit is approximately perpendicular to the mean plane of the five-membered ring, forming a dihedral angle of 87.51 (5)°. An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal, pairs of C-H⋯π inter-actions link the mol-ecules, forming inversion dimers.

(3,6-Dimeth-oxy-naphthalen-2-yl)(naphthalen-2-yl)methanone.

In the title compound, C(23)H(18)O(3), the dihedral angle between the two naphthalene ring systems is 78.02 (3)°. The bridging carbonyl C-C(=O)-C plane makes a dihedral angle of 70.56 (5)° with the naphthalene ring system in the 2,7-dimeth-oxy-naphthalene moiety and a dihedral angle of 11.53 (5)° with the naphthalene ring system in the naphthoyl group. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming chains along [010].

2,7-Dimeth-oxy-1-(2-naphtho-yl)naph-thalene.

In the title mol-ecule, C(23)H(18)O(3), the dihedral angle between the two naphthalene ring systems is 80.44 (4)°. The mean plane of the bridging carbonyl C-C(=O)-C group makes a torsion angle of -68.55 (17)° with the naphthalene system of the 2,7-dimeth-oxy-naphthalene unit and a torsion angle of -9.01 (19)° with the naphthalene ring system of the naphthoyl group. In the crystal, a weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs between the carbonyl O atom and an H atom of the naphthalene ring in the 2,7-dimeth-oxy-naphthalene unit of a symmetry-related mol-ecule.

A crucial role for Nox 1 in redox-dependent regulation of Wnt-ß-catenin signaling.

Canonical Wnt signaling critically regulates cell fate and proliferation in developmental stages and adult tissues. Redox regulation through nucleoredoxin (NRX) has recently been identified in canonical Wnt signaling. However, the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting the redox state of NRX remains elusive. Our principal aim in this study was to investigate whether superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase1 (Nox1) is involved in NRX-regulated Wnt signaling in intestinal and colon epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt treatment of mouse intestinal cells induces production of ROS through Nox1. This Nox1 action is regulated by Rac1 GTPase through Wnt-induced activation of the Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Nox1-generated ROS oxidize and inactivate NRX, thereby releasing the NRX-dependent suppression of Wnt-ß-catenin signaling through dissociation of NRX from Dvl. Nox1 small-interference RNA inhibits cell response to Wnt, including stabilization of ß-catenin, expression of cyclin D1 and c-Myc via the TCF transcription factor, and accelerated cell proliferation. Nox1 mediates Wnt-induced cell growth in colon cancer cells with the normal Wnt pathway, but not in APC-deficient colon cancer cells, which are constitutively active in Wnt signaling. Together, these results suggest the mediating role of Nox1 in redox-dependent regulation of canonical Wnt-ß-catenin signaling and provide further insight into the regulatory mechanism of the Wnt pathway.