ABSTRACT
Long-acting (LA) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral therapy characterized by a ≥1 month dosing interval offers significant advantages over daily oral therapy. However, the criteria for compounds that enter clinical development are high. Exceptional potency and low plasma clearance are required to meet dose size requirements; excellent chemical stability and/or crystalline form stability is required to meet formulation requirements, and new antivirals in HIV-1 therapy need to be largely free of side effects and drug-drug interactions. In view of these challenges, the discovery that capsid inhibitors comprising a quinazolinone core tolerate a wide range of structural modifications while maintaining picomolar potency against HIV-1 infection in vitro, are assembled efficiently in a multi-component reaction, and can be isolated in a stereochemically pure form is reported herein. The detailed characterization of a prototypical compound, GSK878, is presented, including an X-ray co-crystal structure and subcutaneous and intramuscular pharmacokinetic data in rats and dogs.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Infections , HIV-1 , Humans , Rats , Animals , Dogs , Capsid , Capsid Proteins , Quinazolinones/pharmacology , Quinazolinones/therapeutic use , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , HIV Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) have been of interest recently because of their novel mechanism of action. Strategic modifications to the C5 moiety of a class of 4-(4,4-dimethylpiperidinyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridinyl ALLINIs led to the identification of a tetrahydroisoquinoline heterocycle as a suitable spacer element to project the distal hydrophobic aryl ring. Subsequent optimization of the aryl substitutions identified 12 as an ALLINI with single-digit nanomolar inhibitory potency and low clearance across preclinical species. In preclinical toxicology studies with 12 in rats, lipid hepatocellular vacuolation was observed. Removal of the C6 methyl group resulted in GSK3839919 (22), which exhibited a reduced incidence and severity of lipid vacuolation in both in vitro assays and in vivo studies while maintaining the potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the prototype. The virology, PK, and toxicology profiles of 22 are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) of HIV-1 may hold promise as a novel mechanism for HIV therapeutics and cure. Scaffold modifications to the 4-(4,4-dimethylpiperidinyl) 2,6-dimethylpyridinyl class of ALLINIs provided a series of potent compounds with differentiated 5/6 fused ring systems. Notably, inhibitors containing the 1,2,4-triazolopyridine and imidazopyridine core exhibited single digit nM antiviral potency and low to moderate clearance after intravenous (IV) dosing in rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The 1,2,4-triazolopyridines showed a higher oral exposure when compared to the imidazopyridines. Further modifications to the C5 substituent of the 1,2,4-triazolopyridines resulted in a new lead compound, which had improved rat IV/PO PK compared to the former lead compound GSK3739936, while maintaining antiviral potency. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and rat pharmacokinetic profiles of this series are discussed.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents , HIV Integrase Inhibitors , HIV Integrase , HIV-1 , Allosteric Regulation , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) have garnered special interest because of their novel mechanism of action: they inhibit HIV-1 replication by promoting aberrant integrase multimerization, leading to the production of replication-deficient viral particles. The binding site of ALLINIs is in a well-defined pocket formed at the interface of two integrase monomers that is characterized by conserved residues along with two polymorphic amino acids at residues 124 and 125. The design, synthesis, and optimization of pyridine-based allosteric integrase inhibitors are reported here. Optimization was conducted with a specific emphasis on the inhibition of the 124/125 polymorphs such that the designed compounds showed excellent potency in vitro against majority of the 124/125 variants. In vivo profiling of promising preclinical lead 29 showed that it exhibited a good pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in preclinical species, which resulted in a low predicted human efficacious dose. However, findings in rat toxicology studies precluded further development of 29.
Subject(s)
HIV Integrase Inhibitors , HIV Integrase , HIV-1 , Allosteric Regulation , Animals , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/physiology , RatsABSTRACT
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with a series of C2-substituted pyrazolopyrimidines as potent allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase (ALLINIs) are described. Structural modifications to these molecules were made in order to examine the effect on potency and, for select compounds, pharmacokinetic properties. We examined a variety of C2-substituted pyrazolopyrimidines and found that the C2-amide derivatives demonstrated the most potent antiviral activity of this class against HIV-1 infection in cell culture.
Subject(s)
Amides/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Integrase/metabolism , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Allosteric Regulation/drug effects , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Cells, Cultured , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Design , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/metabolism , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with a series of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer are described. Structural modifications to these molecules were made in order to examine the effect on potency towards wild-type and clinically-relevant resistant viruses. The [3.2.2]-bridged tricyclic system was identified as an advantageous chemotype, with representatives exhibiting excellent antiviral activity against both wild-type viruses and the G140S/Q148H resistant virus that arises in response to therapy with raltegravir and elvitegravir.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Integrase/metabolism , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidinones/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects , Drug Therapy, Combination , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Humans , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Mutation , Quinolones/pharmacology , Raltegravir Potassium/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The standard of care for HIV-1 infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), combines two or more drugs from at least two classes. Even with the success of HAART, new drugs with novel mechanisms are needed to combat viral resistance, improve adherence, and mitigate toxicities. Active site inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase are clinically validated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Here we describe allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that bind to the LEDGF/p75 interaction site and disrupt the structure of the integrase multimer that is required for the HIV-1 maturation. A series of pyrazolopyrimidine-based inhibitors was developed with a vector in the 2-position that was optimized by structure-guided compound design. This resulted in the discovery of pyrazolopyrimidine 3, which was optimized at the 2- and 7-positions to afford 26 and 29 as potent allosteric inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase that exhibited low nanomolar antiviral potency in cell culture and encouraging PK properties.
Subject(s)
Allosteric Regulation/drug effects , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Drug Discovery , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/virology , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Male , Molecular Docking Simulation , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/administration & dosage , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
A series of heterocyclic pyrimidinedione-based HIV-1 integrase inhibitors was prepared and screened for activity against purified integrase enzyme and/or viruses modified with the following mutations within integrase: Q148R, Q148H/G140S and N155H. These are mutations that result in resistance to the first generation integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir. Based on consideration of drug-target interactions, an approach was undertaken to replace the amide moiety of the first generation pyrimidinedione inhibitor with azole heterocycles that could retain potency against these key resistance mutations. An imidazole moiety was found to be the optimal amide substitute and the observed activity was rationalized with the use of calculated properties and modeling. Rat pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of the lead imidazole compounds demonstrated moderate clearance and moderate exposure.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase/chemistry , HIV-1/enzymology , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemistry , Animals , Binding Sites , Catalytic Domain , Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects , HIV Integrase/genetics , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Half-Life , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology , Humans , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Mutation , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridine derivatives targeting the allosteric lens-epithelium-derived-growth-factor-p75 (LEDGF/p75)-binding site on HIV-1 integrase, an attractive target for antiviral chemotherapy, was prepared and screened for activity against HIV-1 infection in cell culture. Small molecules that bind within the LEDGF/p75-binding site promote aberrant multimerization of the integrase enzyme and are of significant interest as HIV-1-replication inhibitors. Structure-activity-relationship studies and rat pharmacokinetic studies of lead compounds are presented.
Subject(s)
HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Naphthyridines/pharmacology , Allosteric Site , Crystallography, X-Ray , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , HIV-1/enzymology , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , Naphthyridines/chemistry , Naphthyridines/therapeutic use , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
BMS-707035 is an HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) discovered by systematic optimization of N-methylpyrimidinone carboxamides guided by structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the single crystal X-ray structure of compound 10. It was rationalized that the unexpectedly advantageous profiles of N-methylpyrimidinone carboxamides with a saturated C2-substitutent may be due, in part, to the geometric relationship between the C2-substituent and the pyrimidinone core. The single crystal X-ray structure of 10 provided support for this reasoning and guided the design of a spirocyclic series 12 which led to discovery of the morpholino-fused pyrimidinone series 13. Several carboxamides derived from this bicyclic scaffold displayed improved antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic profiles when compared with corresponding spirocyclic analogs. Based on the excellent antiviral activity, preclinical profiles and acceptable in vitro and in vivo toxicity profiles, 13a (BMS-707035) was selected for advancement into phase I clinical trials.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Drug Discovery , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV/drug effects , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidinones/pharmacology , Thiazines/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidinones/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidinones/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazines/chemical synthesis , Thiazines/chemistryABSTRACT
Integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome is an obligatory process for successful replication of HIV-1. Integrase catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the target DNA and is a validated target for drug discovery. Herein, we report the synthesis, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic profiles of several C2-carbon-linked heterocyclic pyrimidinone-4-carboxamides that inhibit the strand transfer step of the integration process.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Integrase/chemistry , HIV-1/enzymology , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Animals , HIV Integrase/metabolism , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , HIV-1/drug effects , Half-Life , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Humans , Male , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A novel series of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors were identified from a 100 member (4R(1) x 5R(2) x 5R(3)) library of pyrrolidinedione amides. A solid-phase route was developed which facilitates the simultaneous variation at R(1), R(2), and R(3) of the pyrrolidinedione scaffold. The resulting library samples were assayed for HIV-1 integrase activity and analyzed to determine the R(1), R(2), and R(3) reagent contributions towards the activity.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV-1/drug effects , Succinimides/chemical synthesis , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques/methods , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Succinimides/chemistry , Succinimides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Integrase is one of three enzymes expressed by HIV and represents a validated target for therapy. Previous reports have demonstrated that the diketoacid-based chemotype is a useful starting point for the design of inhibitors of this enzyme. In this study, one of the ketone groups is replaced by a benzylamide resulting in a new potent chemotype. A preliminary SAR study is carried out to investigate the substitution requirements on the phenyl ring and methylene group of the benzylamide.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Integrase/chemistry , Keto Acids/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Drug Design , Electrons , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Integrases/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Molecular Structure , Nitrogen/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Stereoselective reduction of dehydroalanine double bond in nocathiacin I afforded the primary amide 2. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the amide 2 provided the carboxylic acid 3, which upon coupling with a variety of amines furnished amides 4-32. Some of these semi-synthetic derivatives have retained very good antibacterial activity and have improved aqueous solubility.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Peptides/chemical synthesis , Peptides/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Peptides/chemistry , Solubility , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
A series of fluoroglycosylated fluoroindolocarbazoles was examined with respect to their topoisomerase I activity, cytotoxicity, and selectivity. The lead clinical candidate from this series, BMS-250749, displays broad spectrum antitumor activity superior to CPT-11 against some preclinical xenograft models, including curative antitumor activity against Lewis lung carcinoma.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Camptothecin/pharmacology , Carbazoles/chemical synthesis , Glucosides/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Carbazoles/chemistry , Carbazoles/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Glucosides/chemistry , Glucosides/pharmacology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Irinotecan , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Topoisomerase I Inhibitors , Transplantation, HeterologousABSTRACT
The synthesis and antibacterial activity of a series of nocathiacin I derivatives (4-20) containing polar water solubilizing groups is described. Thiol-Michael adducts containing acidic polar groups have reduced antibacterial activity whereas those with basic polar groups have retained very good antibacterial activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Peptides/chemical synthesis , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Female , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Peptides/administration & dosage , Peptides/pharmacology , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Sulfhydryl Compounds/pharmacologyABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] Alkyl/aryl amidoximes, prepared from the corresponding nitriles and N-alkylhydroxylamines, have readily undergone consecutive Michael additions to electron-deficient alkynes and provided highly substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazolines in good yields in homogeneous aqueous solution.
Subject(s)
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Nitriles/chemistry , Oxadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Alkynes/chemical synthesis , Molecular Structure , Oximes/chemical synthesis , Solutions , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
This article summarizes key aspects of progress made during 2004 toward the design, discovery and development of antiviral agents for clinical use. Important developments in the identification, characterization and clinical utility of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus; the hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C; the herpes family of viruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus; the respiratory viruses, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, picornaviruses, measles and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; human papilloma virus; rotavirus; Ebola virus and West Nile virus, are reviewed.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-2/drug effects , Hepatitis Viruses/drug effects , Herpesviridae/drug effects , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Integrase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Structure , Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors , Nucleosides/chemistry , Nucleosides/pharmacology , Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/drug effectsABSTRACT
Several nocathiacin I analogues (4-35) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Most of these semi-synthetic analogues retained very good in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of 1.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Peptides , Amines/chemical synthesis , Amines/chemistry , Amines/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Enterococcus faecalis/growth & development , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Peptides/chemical synthesis , Peptides/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/growth & development , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The synthesis and antibacterial activity of a series of new nocathiacin I derivatives (1-12) containing polar water solubilizing groups is described. Most of these compounds exhibited potent antibacterial activity and have improved water solubility. In addition, compounds 5, 7-9 also exhibited potent in vivo activity.