Amino-modified-silica-coated gadolinium-copper nanoclusters, conjugated to AS1411 aptamer and radiolabeled with technetium-99 m as a novel multimodal imaging agent.

Hybridimagingtechnology has the potential to provide reliable imagingand accurate detection of cancer cells by combining the advantages and overcoming the shortages of various clinical imaging tools. Nanomaterials with unique targeting properties and their small size have improved biomedical imaging. Indeed, their small size determines local contrast agent concentrations in tumors by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In this work, amino-modified silica-coated Gadolinium-Copper Nanoclusters were fabricated and conjugated to AS1411 aptamer (Apt-ASGCuNCs) and radiolabeled with technetium-99 m (99mTc) for in vivo fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The synthesized nanoconjugate was fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), element mapping, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, XTT assay, and apoptosis and necrosis methods were applied to study toxicity. Radiochemical yield was calculated 93% that revealed a great potential for complex formation between Apt-ASGCuNCs and 99mTcO4-. Also, good stability of 99mTc-Apt-ASGCuNCs was found in the human serum up to 4 h. Both Apt-ASGCuNCs and 99mTc-Apt-ASGCuNCs indicated a considerable tumor-targeting in in vivo fluorescence imaging, MRI and SPECT with 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. The biodistribution results showed no undesirable accumulation of 99mTc-Apt-ASGCuNCs in the liver, and spleen as it circulated freely in the blood pool. Meanwhile, 99mTc-Apt-ASGCuNCs were removed from the body through the renal clearance system, making it more convenient for future multimodality imaging applications.

Binding mode of triazole derivatives as aromatase inhibitors based on docking, protein ligand interaction fingerprinting, and molecular dynamics simulation studies.

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) as effective candidates have been used in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. In this study, we have proposed 300 structures as potential AIs and filtered them by Lipinski's rule of five using DrugLito software. Subsequently, they were subjected to docking simulation studies to select the top 20 compounds based on their Gibbs free energy changes and also to perform more studies on the protein-ligand interaction fingerprint by AuposSOM software. In this stage, anastrozole and letrozole were used as positive control to compare their interaction fingerprint patterns with our proposed structures. Finally, based on the binding energy values, one active structure (ligand 15) was selected for molecular dynamic simulation in order to get information for the binding mode of these ligands within the enzyme cavity. The triazole of ligand 15 pointed to HEM group in aromatase active site and coordinated to Fe of HEM through its N4 atom. In addition, two π-cation interactions was also observed, one interaction between triazole and porphyrin of HEM group, and the other was 4-chloro phenyl moiety of this ligand with Arg115 residue.